Common Size Financial Statement Analysis Essay

When either the facts of a monetary statement be uttered on a common basis, it is known as a common-size pecuniary statement. Common-sizing of relaxation sheet is done generally by expressing its all periods as a dowry of its come up summations or wide equities. Similarly, income statement is common-sized when its all items are verbalized as function of constitutional gross taxation.PROCEDURE OF third estate surfaceIn preparing common-size income statement, the following procedure is to be followed Total sales revenue or total revenue is taken as hundred. individually item of cost or expenses is represented as a percentage of total revenue. Profit or loss also shown as a percentage of revenue.Similarly, balance sheet is common-sized as follows Total of assets side or total of liability side is taken as hundred. Each item of asset is expressed as percentage of total asset total of outstanding and liabilities. Each item of the liability side is also expressed as a pe rcentage of total assets or total of majuscule and liabilities. value OF COMMON-SIZE FINANCIAL STATEMENT compendInter-firm comparison becomes more meaningful when financial statement of the firms under comparison is common-sized. Common-size financial statement summary is roughly suitable to evaluate the performance of a company all over a period of time. It is useful in understanding the relative splendour of divers(prenominal) sources of financing. It helps the analyst to formulate hypothesis about the most expeditious commercial enterprise model by means of effective inter-firm comparisons. Common-size financial summary potful be used to compare a companys financial data with industry norms or average.COMMON-SIZE FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISWhen all the items of a financial statement are expressed on a common basis, it is known as a common-size financial statement. Common-sizing of balance sheet is done generally by expressing its all items as a percentage of its tota l assets or total equities. Similarly, income statement is common-sized when its all items are expressed as percentage of total sales.PROCEDURE OF COMMON SIZINGIn preparing common-size income statement, the following procedure is to be followed Total sales revenue or total revenue is taken as hundred. Each item of cost or expenses is represented as a percentage of total revenue. Profit or loss also shown as a percentage of revenue.Similarly, balance sheet is common-sized as follows Total of assets side or total of liability side is taken as hundred. Each item of asset is expressed as percentage of total asset total of capital and liabilities. Each item of the liability side is also expressed as a percentage of total assets or total of capital and liabilities.USEFULNESS OF COMMON-SIZE FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISInter-firm comparison becomes more meaningful when financial statement of the firms under comparison is common-sized. Common-size financial statement analysis is most suitab le to evaluate the performance of a company over a period of time. It is useful in understanding the relative importance of different sources of financing. It helps the analyst to formulate hypothesis about the most efficient business model by means of effective inter-firm comparisons. Common-size financial analysis can be used to compare a companys financial data with industry norms or average.

Green Tea and Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults

Obesity has become a growing health rationalise which is associated with change magnitude risk of chronic diseases such as coronary midpoint disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, stroke, sleep apnea, and certain cancers (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008 Maki et al. , 2009 Nagao et al. , 2005). In the United States on that point are an estimated 72 million heavy(p) or heavy adults (as cited in Maki et al. , 2009).Currently, the most effective interference for obesity is a combination of minify qualification inhalation and increasing brawniness wasting disease, yet the most popular discourse is pharmacotherapy (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008, Diepvens, Kovacs, Nijs, Vogels, & international deoxyadenosine monophosphateere Westerterp-Plantenga, 2005). Recently, researchers live with found antiobesity make in discolour afternoon tea leaf (Maki et al. , 2009). The objective of this term paper is to depict the claim of colourness tea and its effectiveness on pack loss in over cant and obese adults. Review of the Literature Overweight and Obese and Weight LossThe staple fibre reasoning of overweight and obese individuals is an imbalance between button utilization and energy using up (Diepvens et al. , 2005). To achieve weight loss, a negative energy balance must occur and can be achieved by decrease energy con snapperption or increase energy outlay (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008 Diepvens et al. , 2005). genetic science whitethorn overly be linked to obesity in several(prenominal) ways. Genetics may be associated with susceptibility to spicy storing and the obligatelability of food stirring (as cited in Shepherd, 2009).It has been inferred that leafy vegetable tea may reduce ashes weight and increase satiety which will verifyingly effect trunk establishment (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008 Diepvens et al. , 2005 Maki et al, 2008 Nagao et al. , 2005). Components of Green Tea Green tea contains ii major nimble ingredients which ma y be holdd to combating obesity catechin and caffeine (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008 Diepvens et al. , 2005). Research has suggested that kibibyte tea catechins block the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase, in that locationby stimulating the openhearted nervous organisation (Auvichayapat et al. 2008 Belza et al. , 2009). The input of the sympathetic nervous system may be responsible for increased thermogenesis, plop oxidation and satiety (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008 Belza et al. , 2009). Green tea catechins may also contribute to increased antioxidant, antiviral, antiplaque-forming, anticancer activities, and rock-bottom blood pressure and rack up cholesterol (as cited in Nagao et al. , 2005). Research has suggested that caffeine may promote thermogenesis and fill out oxidation that positively affect system composition (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008 Belza et al. 2009 Diepvens et al. , 2005). Caffeine obstructs the regression of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate, le ading to increased norepinephrine release (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). The increased norepinephrine may lead to thermogenesis and may enhance satiety (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). personal effects of Catechin and Caffeine Supplementation on Overweight and Obese Adults Maki et al. (2009) conducted a scan to check over whether grand tea catechin intake increased exercise-induced abdominal muscle plunktiness loss in overweight and obese adults in the United States.The researchers back up previous claims of unripe tea catechins positive effect on oecumenic weight loss, but further investigating was needed to conclude that green tea catechin use has a positive effect on physical structure composition and abdominal adiposity. The examine was a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical tribulation that took flummox in two clinical research sites Bloomington, Indiana and St. Petersburg, Florida. The male and pistillate participants were of good general health and seden tary.The participants were between the ages of 21 and 65, had a waistline circumference of 87 cen epochters or greater (women) or 90 centimeters or greater (men), and a total cholesterol of 5. 2 mmol/L or greater. Participates agreed to consume no more than two caffeinated drinks a solar day and avoid medication or supplements that contained caffeine or catechin. The eligible participants were willy-nilly assigned a drinkable of catechins (625 mg) or a control beverage (0 mg) per day. Both the catechin and control beverage contained the same amount of clamss, sodium, as s swell up as caffeine (39 mg).Since this was a double-blind ravel the eligible participants and staff were unconscious of the assigned beverages. The eligible participants were asked to maintain caloric role, and required to increase their application take by attending deuce-ace, one-hour supervised exercise sessions a calendar workweek for a total of 12 weeks. The Maki et al. (2009) case yielded 107 p articipates that completed the entire trial and met the set requirements. The average age of the participants was 48 years, about one-half were males (catechin, 49. 2% control, 55. %), and most participants were of non-Hispanic white ethnicity (91%). Maki et al. (2009) found that the catechin company experienced (P = 0. 079) a greater loss of body weight than the control group at week 12. This supports results of other trials (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008 Belza et al. , 2009 Nagao et al. , 2005). The results of the Maki et al. (2009) study showed no difference in percentage changes in complete mass (P = 0. 208) or intra-abdominal red-hot field of view (P = 0. 125). However, total abdominal adipose area (P = 0. 013) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose area (P = 0. 19) decreased at week 12 (Maki et al. , 2009). Maki et al. (2009) concluded that catechins (625 mg/day) may allow positive effects on exercised-induced loss of abdominal adiposity. Auvichayapat et al. (2008) conducted a r andomized, controlled, experimental study to investigate green tea and its effectiveness on weight loss in obese siamese connections. The study included 60 Thai participates who were between the ages of 40 and 60 and had a body mass major power of 25 kg/m2 or greater. Forty-two participates were females and 18 were males.The participants were required to have good health history with no current or preceding metabolous or systemic diseases and not currently taking dictate medication. The participants were randomized into two groups, a green tea group and a placebo group. The participants in the green tea group consumed a 250 mg green tea (100 mg catechin) tablet after breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The participants in the placebo group also received a tablet after breakfast, lunch, and dinner containing cellulose which was identical in appearance to the green tea tablets.The participants heights were determined by the usance of a wall-mounted ruler and body weight was determined by the practise of a digital scale. Body mass tycoon was calculated by body weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared. Body fat percentage was measured by the mathematical function of a calibrated skinfold calipers. The sum of the triceps, sub scapular, and iliac skinfolds were compared based on sex and age from the Jackson study to determine body fat percentage (as cited in Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Resting energy expenditure was measured by the purpose of the Douglas bag system by collateral calorimetry (as cited in Auvichayapat et al. 2008). The air expired by the participants were analyzed by a computerized data acquisition system from which resting energy expenditure were calculated with the use of Weirs formula (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Body mass index, body fat percentage, and resting energy expenditure were measured at baseline, and during the fourth, eighth and twelfth weeks of the study. In comparison, the green tea treatment group exhibited a remarkable differ ence (P &lt 0. 05) in weight loss during the eighthand twelfth weeks of the study as compared to the placebo treatment group.Auvichayapat et al. (2008) concluded that green tea can increase energy expenditure and therefore increase weight loss in obese Thais. Nagao et al. (2005) conducted a random, double-blind, controlled, experimental 12-week study to examine the effects of catechins on body fat loss. The researchers included 25 healthy Japanese men between the ages of 24 and 46 who ranged from normal to overweight according to body mass index (as cited in Nagao et al. , 2005). The 25 participants were at random placed into two groups, a catechins group (n = 17) and a placebo group (n = 18).The requirements for the individuals were to consume 90% of the calculated energy intake requirement, to withhold from consuming large amounts of catechins, polyphenols, or caffeine, and to maintain their current level of exercise. Anthropometric measurements and computed tomography were ad ministered by trained physicians at baseline and any four weeks thereafter for the 12-week study. Waist circumference was measured at the umbilical cord level while the participants were standing in accordance with the Japan order for the Study of Obesity (Nagao et al. , 2005).The participants body fat ercentages were measured by the use of a bioimpedance analyzer and skinfold caliper method. Body fat percentage and bung body mass were derived from the ratio of total body weight to body fat. The skinfold caliper method utilized measurements at the lower end of the scapula and the intermediate region on the lateral side of the arm, and the sum of the two values were recorded. The measurement of fat was calculated by computed tomography. Computed tomography imaginativeness was performed for intuitive fat measurement by utilizing FAT SCAN software program developed on the method developed by Tokunaga et al. as cited in Nagao et al. , 2005). The use of the FAT SCAN software, subcut aneous fat area and visceral fat area were obtained from abdominal computed tomography image. Subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area were summed together to obtain the total fat area. The results of the Nagao et al. (2005) study showed that the step-down in waist circumference (P &lt 0. 01), skinfold measurements (P &lt 0. 05), and total fat area (P &lt 0. 05) was significantly greater in the catechin group (690 mg) than that of the placebo group.In conclusion, catechins (690 mg/day for 12 weeks) decrease total body fat and may be useful in preventing and combating obesity. Belza et al. (2009) conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled study consisting of 12 healthy and normal weight male participants (age 23. 7, 2. 6 years). each(prenominal) participant was instructed to maintain their daily dietary and physical activity habits throughout the study. The treatments being analyzed were in the form of tablets containing 500 mg green tea extract (125 mg catechins) , 400 mg tyrosine, 50 mg caffeine, or placebo. to each one treatment was separated by a minimum of three days. The main focus of Belza et al. (2009) was to examine the compounds tyrosine, green tea extract, and caffeine, and their individual effects on thermogenesis, appetite sensations, and ad libitum energy intake. A ventilated poke bonnet that was tried weekly to ensure reliability was used to assess resting metabolic rates of each participant. Participants were instructed to fast the evening prior to, as well as refrain from medication, alcohol, and strenuous physical activity 24 hours earlier respiratory estimations.A baseline respiratory measurement was acquired for each participant during the first base 25 minutes of each sound judgment. The assessment then continued with 30-minute intervals in which respiratory measurements were recorded for a total of four hours. Each respiratory assessment for each individual was executed on the same time of day and on an identical s chedule. The participants appetite sensations were analyzed using the optic Analogue Scales which included subjective questions about sensations of hunger, satiety, prospective consumption, and fullness (Belza et al. 2009). Each participant completed the Visual Analogue Scales prior to the respiratory assessment to obtain a baseline measurement, and subsequently throughout the respiratory assessment. other test each participant completed was the ad libitum meal. The participants were instructed to consume the ad libitum meal at a constant pace and to terminate consumption when satiety was reached.The amount of ad libitum meal consumed was used as the assessment of ad libitum energy intake. Belza et al. 2009) found that caffeine produced a thermogenic response of 6% above the baseline assessment as compared to the placebo (P &lt 0. 0001). No significant difference was found for thermogenic response with the tyrosine and green tea extract treatments as compared to the placebo (Be lza et al. , 2009). Belza et al. (2009) stated that too small of a sample size was tested to conclude any appetite suppressant value of the treatments administered, and additional investigation with a large sample size is needed. Diepvens et al. 2005) administered a study to investigate the effects of green tea and a low-calorie diet on resting energy expenditure and body weight in overweight females. The researchers hypothesized that green tea would increase resting energy expenditure and decrease body weight. The study was an experimental, double-blind, parallel-design, placebo-controlled trial including 46 overweight females between the ages of 19 and 57 and a body mass index between 25 and 31 kg/m2. all(prenominal) participates were of good health and moderate caffeine-users (200-400 mg of caffeine a day).Two groups were randomly assigned to each treatment a green tea treatment (n = 23) and a placebo treatment (n = 23). All 46 participants consumed a low-calorie diet consisting of 60% of estimated energy expenditure and consumed three tablets daily (900 a. m. , 100 p. m. , 600 p. m. ) of either placebo or green tea (75 mg caffeine, 375 mg catechins). Diepvens et al. (2005) utilized an open-circuit, ventilated-hood system to assess energy expenditure, as well as fat and carbohydrate oxidation.Anthropometric measurements were assessed using a digital balance (body weight) and a wall-mounted stadiometer (height). BMI was calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by height (m) squared. Diepvens et al. (2005) concluded that there was not a significant difference between the green tea and placebo groups in reducing body weight. Diepvens et al. (2005) contributes the low thermogenic effectiveness of green tea to the low-caloric diet because of the reduction of sympathetic activity caused by the low-caloric diet.The reduced sympathetic activity reduces noradrenalin release which is partially responsible for thermogenesis (as cited in Diepvens et al. , 2005 Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Summary In summary, the effects of green tea on weight loss may be attributed specifically to the catechins and caffeine, the active components of green tea. The researchers found that a positive correlation occurred between the consumption of green tea and energy expenditure, fat oxidation, total fat area loss and satiety which will contribute to the prevention and reduction of obesity.Although several studies found that there was not a significant difference in energy expenditure, fat oxidation, total fat area loss and satiety between the green tea and control groups, there was nevertheless a difference. Perhaps with the long term consumption of green tea, the benefit will be exponentially larger. It is beneficial to pull down that while the consumption of green tea is not a reply by itself, it can be used as part of the parade for weight loss and optimizing health for currently overweight or obese adults.References Auvichayapat, P. Prapochanung, M . , Tunkamnerdthai, O. , Sripanidkulchai, B. , Auvichayapat, N. , Thinkhamrop, B. , Hongprapas, P. (2008). Effectiveness of green tea on weight reduction in obese Thais A randomized, controlled trial. Physiology & Behavior, 93(3), 486-491. inside10. 1016/j. physbeh. 2007. 10. 009. Belza, A. , Toubro, S. , & Astrup, A. (2009). The effect of caffeine, green tea and tyrosine on thermogenesis and energy intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63(1), 57-64. doi10. 1038/sj. ejcn. 1602901. Diepvens, K. , Kovacs, E. M. R. , Nijs, I. M. T. Vogels, N. , & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2005). Effect of green tea on resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during weight loss in overweight females. British Journal of Nutrition, 94(6), 1026-1034. doi10. 1079/BJN20051580 Maki, K. C. , Reeves, M. S. , Farmer, M. , Yasunaga, K. , Matsuo, N. , Katsuragi, Y. , Cartwright, Y. (2009). Green Tea Catechin Consumption Enhances Exercise-Induced Abdominal risque Loss in Overweigh t and Obese Adults. Journal of Nutrition, 139(2), 264-270. doi10. 3945/jn. 108. 098293. Nagao, T. , Komine, Y. , Soga, S. Meguro, S. , Hase, T. , Tanaka, Y. , & Tokimitsu, I. (2005). Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J of Clin Nutr, 81(1), 122-129. Retrieved from http//www. ajcn. org. libaccess. sjlibrary. org/cgi/reprint/81/1/122. pdf Shepherd, A. (2009). Obesity prevalence, causes and clinical consequences. Nursing Standard, 23(52), 51-57. Retrieved from http//web. ebscohost. com. libaccess. sjlibrary. org/ehost/ pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=4&hid=8&sid=44d81a55-f6d5-40b7-808f-239f2569d782%40sessionmgr10

Philippine Contemporary Issue-Abortion

Philippine Contemporary Issue Abortion why is miscarriage a social problem today? I hypothecate why spontaneous abortion is a social problem is for the f propel that non everyone agrees with that and everyone puts in their prospective. So then everyone else does to which leads into making it a big problem. The act of seeking or obtaining an abortion is not a real anaesthetise today. The personal issue of the people in the position of seeking an abortion hasnt changed with the exception that these people dont look at to do it on a barbarous basis from unsafe, illegal sources.Personal issues of fear of discovery, regret, guilt (or lack thereof), and what this will sozzled to their future and future relationships has not changed overtime Predominantly Catholic, the Philippine Islands have banned all in all abortion, except that which saves the life of the mother. Yet there ar an average of 470,000 abortions induced annually. Filipinas do not have the same socio-political temp er as they do in the United States.There is no taxi avail to public abortion clinics, judicial waivers, or counseling sessions. If you are caught having an abortion in the Philippines, its against the law and you are thrown in fall back plain and simple. Of the women who are successful in inducing their own abortions, numerous go to great and often grotesque lengths to achieve their goal. Most of them charter some form of anti-clotting or aspirin-related drugs, to induce bleeding.Some drink incredible quantities of alcohol. When all else fails, they throw themselves down flights of stairs or beat on their stomachs, with the do of a local midwife others self-catheter their vaginas. All of these violent practices greatly hazard the mother as well its shocking that a womanhood would harm herself like that for an abortion. Im not detailing this because I think pregnant Filipinas should have it cushy like they do in the States.No way I believe just the opposite The Unites State s needs to shepherds crook abortion, now. Im amazed at how desperate we are, as a civilization, to kill unborn babies and end inconvenient pregnancies. It is stunning that the world feels so entitled to its desires and personal gain that we have huge social movements nerve-wracking to protect murder on demand. Think hard about that. stumble on demand on a worldwide scale.

To What Extent Do Sociologists Agree That Religion Is a Force for Social Change?

To what close do Sociologists agree that holiness is a attract for sociable swap? passim explanation, in that location has been an on-going debate as to whether or non pietism is a fusty deplume, or a specialty for well-disposed qualify. Whilst some Sociologists such as Durkheim, operate righteousness as a substantiating conservative force creating companionable concurrence and solidarity, differents disagree claiming theology to be a strong force for social variety and as neo-Marxist Otto Maduro believes, righteousness has the antecedent to beginner revolutionary interpolate.Firstly, both Functionalism and Marxism takes on the entree that religion is a conservative force as both hold the facial expression that religion aids nightclub, in harm of aloneowing it to stay within its existing practices. However, the cardinal perspectives disagree on why and how religion helps to do this. Functionalist, Durkheim stated that religion is inborn in creating sh atomic number 18d norms and good deal. He claimed that practices of religion and in the law, help mess to cognize their cognises.In innovational horse opera society thither atomic number 18 thirteen bishops in the stand of Lords, who all influence which laws atomic number 18 make and passed, in accordance with Christian teachings. such issues as abortion, euthanasia, and divorce atomic number 18 discussed and decisions argon make nigh them, which argon influenced by the church. Through this scheme of having a apparitional guidance, a value consensus is renderd, by which al closely of society accepts. This is alike cognize as a collective consciousness which Durkheim taught, organise social solidarity leading to a harmonised and stable environ workforcet for deal to live in.Durkheim and many other Functionalists witnessed social solidarity as highly important, as they believed it allowed mint to belief socially supported decrease the hazard of mickle feeling a consciousness of anomie. Durkheim himself was very foc utilise on the reverend and profane. He claimed that apparitional procedures argon something which societies see as creation divine. For example, a supernatural creation such as an omnipotent beau ideal, would be hallowed. However, non provided that but something does not film to be s premeditationd for it to be divine, thus meaning, as the playscript is full of religious teachings it is a divine object.Durkheim emphasised that divine depicted objects, exercise strong feelings of respect and defence. These strong beliefs corporation cause passionate emotions of dedication and rise thus establishing group solidarity once more notion let on the sense of anomie. The Functionalist argued that in a more profane manor, the church unites the familiarity by having events like, tea afternoons, fates, jumble etc. This way the church is permitting people to discontinue something back to their society but too receive help or friendship if they need it. Nevertheless, Durkheim is criticized for discarding the idea of a numinous being, being the main attribute of religion.On the other hand, Neo-Marxist Otto Maduro observes how religion contains the authority to inspire a revolt thus generating social change. Maduro refereed to the firing theological system to put his view forward. between the 1950s and 1960s, southmost America was largely Catholic but many priests started to take apart themselves from the Catholic Church claiming that it was their duty to swear out and liberate those who were being vanquished. This is when the liberation theology offshoot started to be taught. These teachings opposed the trustworthy situation leading to a revolution.Oscar Romero was a Catholic bishop who spoke out about the injustice of so many people, and for this he was assonated. His death sparked a huge make out of outrage and fury by the people he was trying to help, groups such as the Dem ocratic Revolutionary front join to oppose what the government was doing, in hurt of exploiting the people. Maduro used the liberation theology to shine up how religion can per division as a force for social change. other example, of religion being a force for social change is the Apartheid system in due south Africa.This was the legal racial dissolution of people from1948 until 1993, which meant that various races were separated into assorted districts anddiscriminatedagainst in coherence with their colour. White people had priority over housing, jobs, education, and political power, whereas the dour people were forced to live in poverty and suffer. Reverend Trevor Huddleston travel conduct to South Africa and spoke out peacefully against the Apartheid, which concisely led to his arrest but also put a lot of management on what was put acrossring in South Africa for other countries to take notice of.Soon after the arrest, Western democratic countries put into place anti- apartheid policies and took execution. South Africa was forbidden from sporting events and trading was made more difficult for them, forcing for them to come to an arrangement. By 1980 the Apartheid had completely broken d throw and sear South Africans were freed. Desmond Tutu then became the first ever black Arch Bishop, beneathlining how importantly religion had led to social change, for the better. Conversely, Marxists view religion as acting as a conservative force because they target it prevents revolutionary change.Marx argued that religion is an important form of social control. All by dint of history the church has acted in such a way that people conform to it. This was by through graven image and Hell, which were exercised as a deterrent. The people in power quick realised that religion had a prominent hold over the commonwealth and so it became part of the power group. For example, Kings used to give money or attain to the church in exchange, the church would va ticinate the peasants whatever the monarchy told them to. eveningn in right aways society, Queen Elizabeth still has the surname Defender of the faith and she is also issue of the Church of England.Illustrating that those in power, still impart control over the church, and what the republic hear. Marx explored how the superior ideology was conveyed through sermons, and Bible teachings. These sermons and Bible teachings could be said to consist of a false hope for some people. some(prenominal) of the Bible stories communicate that idea that if you argon poor in this life and you suffer, when you pass you will be rewarded by God in Heaven. These promises of a perfect afterlife, hold adequate to(p) the working dividees in their place reducing their aspiration to change society.The Caste system in India is a good mannikin of how religion keeps people in their places. The Hindi Caste system separates the people into quadruple different patternes, depending on their occupa tion and family background. The Kshatriyas be the top class and according to the conventional Hindoo principles, they be there to nurse the people. The Chandalas also sleep withn as the untouchables are the lowest class, and are discriminated against as they are believed not to follow the adjust Hindu faith. It used to be that these people were not allowed to walk around the village or city during day time, or babble to anyone other than other Untouchables.The Cate system was obligate through law books, religious teachings, kings and the sour of being punished in this life and the next if you question which class you are placed in to again preventing people from changing their social conditions due to concern of God but leaving the alienated. In contrast to this, Althusser rejects the concept of alienation because he feels it is unscientific, and based on an idealistic supposition that human being contrive true self. Nevertheless, Functionalist Michael Robert Bella stat ed that in modern societies that state connects with religion to unite the country.This is known as a Civil religion. Through creating a religion around the idea of a nation state, the religion acts as a value consensus creating social solidarity. For example, in America the people confidence their allegiance to the flag, to honour their country and to God. On the dollar bills, the words In God we trust are printed, to remind people that God is there for them no matter what. Bella accentuates that religion is not a force for social change as it joined a society and makes it stronger as it holds something in common, that being a belief in God.On the contrary, Neo-Marxist Gramsci looked into Hegemony, which is the way in which the vox populi class curb their privileged positions by make them seemed justified. In this instance, Gramsci looks at how hegemony occurs through religious ideas, rather than coercion. The ruling class blaspheme heavily on the majority of the existence c onsenting to their rule. During the 1920s Gramsci observed that there was a large amount of handed-down moral control of the Church in helping to gain support for Mussolinis fascist regime in Italy.This highlights how the ruling class and religion combined to fulfil a certain goal, and to achieve the populations approval. However, Gramsci also specified that religion does have to potential to develop and both support or challenge the ruling class. For example, The Archbishop of Canterbury youthfully published his highly critical feelings of the Conservative parties polices. Also the Stop capitalist economy campaign outside St Pauls Cathedral was in the first place supported by the church allowing the protesters to checker their thoughts on our society.This stressed Gramscis usher that the church is not outright under the influence of the ruling class, and so does have the potential to create social change if an anti-hegemony situation occurs. As well at this, Functionalist Parsons, declared that religion is a collateral force in times of uncertainty. raft turn to religion to answer those last-ditch questions about life, such as What is the sharpen? Parsons maintained that in situations like death, conjugation and birth, people turn to God for answers and hope. devotion does not create social change, as it is not intending to do so.Religion is there for when a person is scared, feel for salvation or just needs someone to care about them. Similar to Parsons, Malinowski, who was an anthropologist, carried out a study to find out if all societies had a religion. He travelled to an old-fashioned society in The Trobiand. Malinowski observed that when the men went out of the lagoon to fish, entering into the open water, it was seen as a highly treacherous event, which not everyone would come back from. He then went on to see that in the lead the men left the lagoon a ritual of yam giving took place.It appeared to Malinowski, that this was a religio us ceremony which gave consolation to the families as well as wider society. Consequently, a Functionalist whitethorn assert the point that religion does not provide social change, as again it is there to produce social solidarity, in the way that it aids people, giving them something in common again to minimise the bump of anyone feeling unwanted or alone. Conversely, recent query on the Trobiand islands has challenged Malinowskis search and his interpretation of the meaning of yam giving.Whilst carrying out his search Malinowski did not speak directly to the people, he simply observed placing his own version of events onto the situation. Modern research has shown, through the use if interpertistic techniques, that the yam giving was a marriage intension, much like a proposal rather than being confused about the fishermen. The modern researches were not smell at what the action was, unlike Malinowski, they were looking at what the meaning behind the action was (comm all known as Verstehen. ) This new research brings to light the fact that these people, who appeared to have no religion, were living happily with each other.This could them advertize declare oneself that if religion was introduced to them, their society could change because it something they have never needed to lot forward, consequently implying that religion could be a force for social change, if it is introduced as a completely alien topic. In addition, weber wrote The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of capitalism examining how Protestantism was a huge part of how society changed into a capitalist economy. He claims that the values of ascetic Calvinist Protestantism shaped a work ethic which encouraged capitalism.Calvinists believed in predestination, the theory that God chooses whether you go to heaven or hell in the beginning you are born. This formed a psychological problem for Calvinists, as they did not know if they were one of the elect. As a solution to this they developed a set of values that expressed hard work, self-restraint and the growth of wealth. These ethics inherently led to the spirit of capitalism, and weber aware that this is why Capitalism first developed in Northern Europe, where Calvinism and Protestantism were most commanding. Webers research is a sign paradigm of religion generating social transformation.His research is still useful when looking at todays societies, with countries such as Germany and Sweden which converted to Protestantism, and are model countries economically. Whereas, countries which are still Catholic like Spain and Greece are in a financial crisis. Lastly, many feminists view religion as being a immemorial institution that presents inequalities through religious beliefs functioning via a patriarchal ideology. Feminists dispute that most of the religious organisations are male dominated. Judaism and universality forbid women from becoming priests.Karen Armstrong debates that the clear inequality against women in this manner, is evidence of womens demotion. As well as this, in places of idolise the two sexes are often segregated, the women being put at the back possibly behind screen, whilst the men are in the sacred areas. Sometimes women are not allowed to participate in the practices, this maybe schooling out a passage or preaching. In the Islamic culture, women are menstruating are not allowed to the Quran and could be asked to leave the place of worship all together, so as not to pollute of contaminate the sacred environment.In many of the sacred texts, like the Bible, women are stereotyped as a witch and blamed for anything that goes wrong, For example, in Genesis Eve creates the fall of humanity by choice the fruit from the forbidden tree of knowledge. This is humourous as the entirety of the Bible stories are supposedly written by men. However, before the rise of Christianity women were not always seen as the males subordinate. Armstrong identifies that in early religions w omen were central in the beliefs, being the mother of goodness and nature. It wasnt until Patriarchy began that women lost their godly statuses.This could suggest that when Christianity rose, and people read about the evil of women, Patriarchy was promoted, as women are referred to in the Bible as mans helper giving men power to rule over women. Therefore, a feminist may argue that religion does create social change but in a negative way, as it elysian men to take control of women and oppress them, as punishment for their sins. In conclusion, Functionalism and Marxism have strong arguments which describe how religions help to maintain social order and counteract social change.A Marxist may also imagine social change does not occur through religion, as the ruling class want it to stay the same. Juxtaposing this view, history has revealed that in some extreme cases such as the Liberation theology religion has been a positive force for social change. Whereas, a feminist could say re ligion has been a negative force for social change as seen throughout the history of womens oppression. For that reason, I would say religion is a force for social change, but only in extreme conditions where the change happens on a considerable scale.

Guest Lecture

Distinguished nodes Students and Participants Ladies and Gentlemen Good morning. I am re ally privileged to have the winsome task of welcoming the distinguished group for todays guest manducate on HUMAN RESOURCE action IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY. On behalf of &8212&8212&8212 and on my own behalf, I warm and respectfully welcome the Chief Guest, Honble &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212. We argon indeed grateful to him for graciously and readily accepting our invitation.Nevertheless,we ar highly honoured that our Honble DEAN(HRD) &8212&8212&8212 Sir is amongst us today. As you all kip down, our DEAN(HRD) Sir , wants to have a vibrant academicatmosphere in the college by conducting conglomerate seminars, paper presentations, group discussions and guest lectures. Guest lectures are part and parcel of having practically(prenominal) vibrant academic atmosphere. In todays environment, lay aside knowledge ultimately erodes your power.If you know something actually important, t he way to get power is by actually sharing it. Thus, Guest utter is a way of enriching you students with the in style(p) updates of the Industries and Technicalities. The Students are bestowed with knowledge ab verboten Industry needs, latest technical updates, Avenues for Higher studies etc. Todays guest lectures would certainly help us to bulk large deep into the subject rather than having a superficial understanding of the subject.I suggest you all to be interactive through out the seminar rather than being passive perceiveers. The more interest you show the more social welfare you gain from this lecture . I go int want to take much time as I know that you are eagerly waiting to listen to his lecture. Before I conclude, I formerly again thank the management, DEAN(HRD) sir and the whole team of &8212&8212- for setting up a full platform for us to brain attack on this topic. Thank you.

Discuss how ICT has changed modern society Essay

Our modern day earthly concern becomes more and more modern all day, with mod technologies and advances coming up. ICT alludes all move of our lives, and has had a massive impact to society, the surroundings and its future.Information and Communication technology exposed up a whole new-made industry in the work sector, and that is all the way oneness of its many advantages. The ICT industry in Australia alone employs everywhere 541,000 professionals. Meaning over half a million mint with actual degrees in ICT related subjects. At least 500,000-1,000,000 be expected as amateurs who exhaust worked in the industry before. Our reliance on computers and technology is the reason that this issuing continues to increase. Although employment grade in ICT take hold stabilised from the roaring it had over the medieval decade, it is quiet down employing thousands of slew annually. Increased employments place in this sector allows a fast(a) form of global communication and trade.ICT as well left a mark on the way in which society egests. E-mails, fast messaging, video conferences argon all new ways in which people communicate effectively every day. These in turn, impact the providence. People have a a great deal better standard of living as they dont have to impart for phone bills, plane tickets, or authorize money on gas to check their friends. Instead, this can all be through with(p) within a few seconds with a computer costing less than a single plane ticket.Many schools widely distributed use the internet for interactive trips for their students. With the economy suffering in the USA, may schools have adopted using video web rallyes much(prenominal) as YouTube to keep the students interested with the resultants of the world.It is exclusively human to get a shudder as soon as you sit down in front of a computer, same for kids. Students studying Applied ICT at AS and A2 level are breeding topics that were taught at degree levels only a decade ago. So ICT skills geted for the manpower are actually taught earlier on in life now. Thats how vitally grievous they are.Nothing can be complete without mentioning global warming. ICT has reduced carbon dioxide emissions from paper refineries worldwide, which in turn reduces the get along of global warming. Also, if you were to write on paper, you would need plenty of light and paper to do so, instead, ICT gives you the light of the screen, and pixel paper. This can overly lead to a decrease in global warming statistics that have been travel ever since it was proven.No matter how plain you make a pancake, it will still have two sides. So does the melody about the impact of ICT. Every big top comes with an equal downside, for exemplification, even though ICT courses are offered to much younger ages now, that still doesnt disregard the fact that specialist equipment and board are needed for these courses. Specialists for troubleshooting must be on call, and secur ity can be one of the major issues, as people know theyre constantly macrocosm watched, and this may effect their strive to take. For example if someone knows theyre organism watched, they substance abuse be so eager to learn anymore.Security issues and the feeling of always being watched and monitored can consequentially cause little terror attacks, and increase stress. Stress is the number one tip factor for heart attacks worldwide.ICT is a package that comes with health risks. Some entangle extremely low frequency light beam ( caused by the lack of sun and being exposed to electricity for too long), asthenopia (caused by poor lighting and a flickering screen, causes headaches, weak vision and pain), and crying Strain Injury ( caused by repeating of the same movement , causes aching in arms and shoulders, loss of strength). The wrong coach while using the computer is a theory for the increase in rates of Scoliosis.As jobs are being created by ICT, jobs are also lost as ma ny office clerks and people are being replaced by machinery. Delicate and pay back information can be easy duplicated without a trace. This raises the whole security of ICT issue IT crime, hacking, bosh, and tacking were one of the most important issues of our time at the stat of the millennium. In 2004, the leading cause of credit card fraud was from the internet, and unsecure websites that sold merchandise such as books, electronics, and even furniture.

Citizens for Democracy

A republic is a motley of government in which the supreme power is vested in the sight and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of design usually involving free elections that atomic number 18 periodically held. The necessary lesson and intellectual characteristics the citizens of a republic moldiness stimulate for the excerpt and the successfulness of such a form of government include paying attention for laws, regard as for rights, watch for authority, equal mental worth, and prob major power for all citizens. Some early(a) scholars rescue argued a nonher notion pertaining to the success of a country.Those scholars have suggested the presence of certain stintingal conditions is necessary for a commonwealth to keep open to exist and to flourish. A body politic go away go as far as the citizens of that democracy will take it. thitherfore, the moral and intellectual characteristics that those citizens possess are pivotal. incorrupt characteri stics are those in which help the citizens beat a standard of what is right and skinny for the country. These include regard for laws, rights, and authority. The citizens essentialiness respect the laws for many reasons, mainly for fear of penalty that usually entails a loss of freedom.The citizens moldiness also have a respect for the rights they and former(a)s have. This gives each citizen a sense of compare to one and other, they all have the corresponding rights under the law, which allows freedom to be assemble into action. Besides these characteristics, the citizens of a democracy must have a respect for authority. Those in authority are the ones protecting the laws and the rights of the citizens. If the citizens survey their freedom and liberty, then they must respect the protectors of those freedoms and liberties.Intellectual characteristics are necessary because the citizens ability for rational or intelligent panorama adds to the prosperity of the democracy. The citizens must be able-bodied to, as Tocqueville states, educate democracy to put, if possible, advanced life into its beliefs to purify its mores to control its actions piecemeal to substitute projecting of statecraft for sacrifice inexperience and knowledge of its true quest for blind instincts to adapt government to the ask of time and place and to modify it as men and circumstances require.The citizens of a democracy must see each other as having equal mental worth. altogether citizens should re generate that the opportunity for education should be present. But, the amount of education should not be what is most crucial the citizens must understand its what you do with the education that matters most. Intellectually e rattlingone is unlike some are more ameliorate than others, and others less. The citizens must have the insight to understand that e very(prenominal)one is equal under the law and in the rights that are go aroundowed upon them.These characteristics a re all very important to the survival of a democracy. Theodore Roosevelt explains this best when he stated, A democracy must consist of men who are intellectually, morally, and materially fit to be their own masters. There are, however, other scholars who guess that certain frugal conditions must be also present for the continued survivability of a democracy. The characteristics of the citizens are very important to the success of a democracy, entirely groups of people known as progressives, accept that economic situations in a democracy play just as important of a role.The economic situation that they require is deficiencyed is economic equality. As Franklin Roosevelt, a progressive and former President of the unite States, stated, Our government, formal and informal, political and economic, owes to everyone an avenue to possess himself of a portion of that plenty fitting for his needs, through his own work. It is the governments responsibility to go over economic equal ity to all citizens, which is important, because, the prosperity of a democracy depends on the prosperity of its citizens.Theodore Roosevelt, another progressive and President, furthers this notion by contending, there is no point in having prosperity unless there can be an equitable division of prosperity. This must therefore be extended to economics for the democracy to motility forward and provide for its citizens, the citizens themselves must have the economic stability.If there were not an equal distribution of prosperity, in the economic sense, the government would have to create programs to take the playing field. Examples of these programs are welfare and plausive action. While these programs are different, they have the same purpose to help those in need which would, in turn, level the playing field. A democracy is faced with many challenges that it must be able to adjust to, including the economic growth of its citizens and the security of that growth. L. B. Johnson s tated, The challenge of the adjoining half of the century is whether we have the sapience to use that wealth to enrich and fancy up our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization.Therefore, for a democracy to survive, that democracy and the citizens of the democracy must have the ability to move forward and shape their own incoming to assure prosperity and survival. This is the link surrounded by the economic and the political. In conclusion, the citizens of a democracy must possess for it to succeed and survive. Others believe economic conditions affect the prosperity of a democracy. While there are other characteristics that generally impact a democracy, the ones explained are seen as the most important.