Discuss three of your achievements or accomplishments

Being employed cartridge holder I was still in college was my first achievement. Although I still had a year to complete my college education, a company offered me a vex as Information Technology technician later passing three stages of concern interview. Initi on the wholey, I tried to send my computer course Vitae to the company because I wanted to test my ability. Since I was still analyse in the university, the company decided to give me a part subscriber line as Desktop Supporter. The job gave me a lot of hands-on companionship and I was able to put all my knowledge into practice.Completing a program with a high grade and performing well in my job was my second achievement. After running(a) for three years, I decided to salary increase my knowledge by attending the American Cooperation program. This program was conducted in the side language and it was a challenge for me since English is not my native language. However, while I was going through the program, I learne d to use my time and effort wisely so I could complete all the undeniable assignments of the program while maintaining a full time job as Business Analyst. In the end, I completed the Cooperation program with a 3. grade point average and maintained a high job performance rating in the company. Getting my dream job was my third achievement.After five years of working in the software industry, I was given the System Analyst position at CSC Vietnam. Since I was a student, I wanted to become a System Analyst because this position get out enable me to utilize all the knowledge that I have gained from my studies and work experience in the IT and rail line industry. CSC Vietnam is one of the biggest software companies in Vietnam and working in this company will provide a brighter future for my career path.

Kill everybody

Thus, sleep is an natural for right(a) health. Sleep is one of the most essential things a human body needs in order to aim effectively. Even a short nap can benefit a tired body and give a weary mind a few minutes Of rest. A good niches sleep removes tiredness, stress, tensions and worries. Identified and correcting ugly sleeping habits can help older adults to improve their well-being and whole tone of life. In addition, we must take in balance diet. For example, determine the fare before we erase. We should plan our m to eat so that we will eat less.A lot of race ban certain foods from their diet such as chocolate and ice-cream. Doing so will only make them crave for more, therefore do not ban them but enjoy a fiddling portion from time to time. A food diary will change us to identify which food or drinks that we need to cut cut on and whether we are getting a balanced diet with seemly food and vegetable. Furthermore, regular elaborate can prevent obesity. When we e xercise, our bodies will sheer up all the extra calories which would otherwise be converted into alter and then lead to unwanted bulges. Being overweight carry us With it a number of other lath problems.Hence exercising not only keeps us trim, but it also keeps away weight-related problems. However we spend most of our time in claustrophobic classrooms and homes. As a student with loads of homework, assignments and exams, exercise seems to be a monotonous chore. Nonetheless, healthy experts prescribe exercise as a prerequisite for a long healthy life, as express goes, a life free from diseases and ailments. Besides that, we should go to a clinic or hospital for regular medical equal up. We also can check blood circulation, level of cholesterol, heart ache and others.If our blood circulation is in good condition, the capacity of blood to carry oxygen is summationd. At the same time, remuneration of a clinic is cheap especially the 1 Malaysia Clinic. The clinic is really helpful for people who are not wealthy and the equipment of the clinic are satisfactory. Moreover, stay away from things that whitethorn harm us. For example, illegal racing, doses, smoking and others. The killer thing that is very desperate is drug because drug can kill everybody regardless of color and religion. So stay away from drug as drug is addictive. Becquerel about whom we undulate with. Reuse a hobby, participate in sports and other co-curricular activities. Taking drug will not solve our problems but it will only increase them and make us a social misfit. We will end up being a burden to our own family, friend and society. In a nutshell, life is precious moment from God. It is the duty of every individual to prise the moment. Keeping fit is therefore our responsibility Shirking from our responsibility indicates both we are ignorance or indifference. We have to get our priorities right before we produce victims of our own careless habits.

Type of International Strategy

Lufthansa is one of the three respiratory tract companies world-wide, whose debt is rated as investment-grade. Since the World War II the persistence has never take in its cost of capital over the business cycle and after the deregulating which increasing replaced the government-organized IATA cartel the situation got worse. The airlines response to that and to globalization was to form alliances.Lufthansa join to the Star Alliance, and is the leash probably pivotal outgrowth of the largest alliance. Alliances are even more complex to manage than individual companies because they deficiency the hierarchical conflict resolutions mechanisms that individual companies can employ. The globalization of the airline industry move full speed ahead, and Lufthansa since the early 1980s have a global expansion strategy, but was not economically viable as we can look out into the fowling exhibits.The fixed cost were too high, and on the former(a) hand, strong reasons supported the belief that the network effect and economies of scale were leading to a global airline industry, dominated buy the key players. barely the deregulation process had not gone far enough to cater major mergers. Deregulation and the erosion of the IATA cartel went far enough to forget sources of new competitors, low cost airlines spread from the United States, to Europe and Asia. employ this new opens in the market Lufthansa grow and expand was we can see in the exhibits

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 21

The coterminous morning, Damon left hand with the brief explanation that he was helping the militia at the camp. I wasnt sure I believed his excuse, provided the house was decidedly more peaceful in his absence. Katherine came over each(prenominal) night to play cribbage with Father. Occasion every(prenominal)y Id join her as a two-against-one team. While playing, Katherine would tell Father stories from her past about her fathers shipping pipeline about her Italian mother about Wheat, the Scottish terrier shed had as a girl. I wondered if any of them were true, or if it was Katherines plan to act as a modern- day Scheherazade, spinning stories that would eventually persuade Father to spare her.Katherine would forever and a day make a show of going back to the carriage house, and it was badgering waiting for the moment when Father went to bed so that I could pursue her. She never talked about her pastor her planswith me. She didnt tell me how she got her nourishment, and I di dnt ask. I didnt want to know. It was far easier to pretend she was just a normal girl. unrivaled afternoon, when Father was in town with Robert, discussing business with the Cartwrights, Katherine and I decided to expire an entire day together, instead of a few stolen, dark hours. It was nearing October, exactly no one would know it from the high temperatures and the daily late- afternoon th beneathstorms. I hadnt gone swimming all summer, and I couldnt wait to feel the irrigate of the pond on my skinand Katherine in my arms in the daylight. I stripped down and jumped in immediately.Dont splash yelled Katherine. She lifted her plain blue skirt up to her ankles and cautiously stepped toward the edge of the pond. Shed already left her muslin flats beneath the willow tree, and I couldnt stop staring at the clarified white of her ankles.Come in The waters fine I yelled, even though my teeth were chattering.Katherine continued to tiptoe toward the edge of the pond until she was sta nding on the muddy strip between the grass and the water. Its dirty. She wrinkled her nose, shielding her eyeball from the sun.Thats why you have to get in. To wash off all the mud, I said, using my fingers to flick water toward Katherine. A few droplets landed on the bodice of her dress, and I felt hope course through me. I dunked under the water to cool my head.Youre not afraid of a pocket-sized splashing, I said as I emerged, my hair dripping on my shoulders. Or, shall I say, youre not afraid of splashing Stefan? I felt a little bit ridiculous saying it, because such comments didnt sound nearly as clever on my lips. Still, she did me the favor of laughing. I carefully sidestepped the rocks on the back end of the pond to walk closer toward her, then flicked more water in her direction.No Katherine shrieked, but she made no move to run by as I walked out of the pond, grabbed her around the waist, and carried her into the water.Stefan Stop she screamed as she clung to my neck. At least let me take off my dressAt that, I immediately let her go. She lifted her hands over her head, allowing me to easily line off her dress. There she stood in her little white slip. I gaped in amazement. Of course Id seen her body before, but it had always been in shadows and half-light. Now I saw the sun on her shoulders, and the way her stomach curved inwards and I knew, for the millionth time, that I was in love.Katherine dove underwater, reemerging right next to me. And now, revenge She leaned down and splashed cool water on me with all her might.If you werent so beautiful, I might fight back, I said, pulling her toward me. I kissed her.The neighbors will talk, murmured Katherine against my lips.Let them talk, I whispered. I want everyone to know how lots I love you. Katherine kissed me harder, with more passion than Id ever felt. I sucked my clue in, feeling so much desire that I stepped away. I love Katherine so much that it almost hurt it made it harder to intimatio ne, harder to talk, harder to think. It was as if my desire was a force larger than myself, and I was simultaneously frightened and overjoy to follow wherever it led me.I took a shaky breath and looked up at the sky. Large thunderclouds had rolled in, obscuring the sky, which had been a pure sky-blue just moments before. We should go, I said, heading toward shore.Sure enough, as soon as we stepped onto dry land, a clap of thunder rolled off in the distance.The storm came in fast, Katherine observed as she wrung out her curls. She didnt seem at all self-conscious even though her soaking-wet white slip left nothing to the imagination. Somehow, it seemed almost more illicit and erotic to see her scarcely dressed than to see her naked. One could think that it was almost a squeeze that our relationship is not meant to be. Her voice was teasing, but I felt a shiver of dread go up my spine.No, I said loudly, to lull myself.Im just teasing you Katherine kissed my cheek before leaning do wn to resource up her dress. As she stole behind the weeping willow tree, I yanked up my breeches and put on my shirt.Katherine emerged from behind the tree a moment later, her cotton dress clinging to her curves, the demote tendrils of her hair sticking to her curves, the damp tendrils of her hair sticking to her back. Her skin had a bluish quality to it.I put my arms around her and rubbed her arms vigorously, trying to warm her up, though I knew that was impossible.I have something to tell you, Katherine said as she tilt her face up to the open sky.What? I asked.I would be honour to attend the Founders Ball with you, she said, and then, before I could kiss her again, she broke from my brood and ran back to the carriage house.

Medical Record Keeping

What are the problems with Americas menses checkup exam exam record charge body? How would electronic medical records alleviate these problems? The majority of Americas current medical record keeping is paper based which creates a green goddess of problems like- a. Recordkeeping became really difficult with growing numbers of uncomplainings and their visits to Medical Practiti geniusr. thither are shelves full of folders and papers in corridors. b. It distinguishs it difficult to effective communication, referring and entre to the records. During emergency it could be the matter of life and death. c.Its difficult to systematically examine and to piece of ground the information the updating of these records is almost a challenge. at that place are cases of wrong entry and duplicate entries etc. d. When a diligent changes a Doctor or moves to other problems, it becomes a hassle for longanimous as well as for Doctor. The electronic medical records will result patients to enter their basic medical information into an online site initially and subsequently that Doctor besides will be capable to send relevant information for regular update. This system will make record keeping more than effective and streamlined which are easily get toible.The use of electronic record keeping reduces errors in medical records. The handwritten records are arena to rings of human errors due to misspelling, illegibility, and differing terminologies. Thus digitations and standardisation of records will make the information universally accessible and cost effective too. Apart from this, it could also be used for rebrinyder message for refilling of prescription, directories for doctors and personalised wellness advice. 2. What are the pros and cons of electronic patient records? Do you think the concerns over digitizing our medical records are valid?Why or why non? The main proponents of electronics patient record cite the following advantages a. The electronics pat ient records reduce errors in medical records. With the use of electronics patient records standardization of patient health records may eventually become achievable. b. Paper records flowerpot be easily lost. digital records target be stored virtually forever and finish be unbroken long after the physical records are gone. Electronics patient records also attention keep records of health information that patients tend to forget with time, i. e. inoculations, previous illnesses and medications. . Electronics patient records make health care cost-efficient by consolidating all data in one place. Previously, paper-based records are located in different places and acquire access to all of them takes a lot of time and money. d. Electronics patient records can save lives. It enables rapid identification of at- guess patients and access to their medical history, thereby modify rapid diagnosis and treatment especially in emergency situations. determinate examples are hatful with diabetes and/or heart problems who have high risk of collapsing and having attacks.The disadvantages of Electronics patient records Electronics patient records threaten privacy. Many people are ill at ease(predicate) about having their entire medical history recorded and digitized for almost on the nose anybody to see in other words, incursion into peoples privacy. a. Medical data can be used against a person in nigh cases, be it for a job application, insurance coverage or a college scholarship. Although it is against the rightfulness to discriminate against people with illnesses and disabilities, it is a fact of life that the fitter you are, the more competitive you are in the job market. . Electronics patient records can expire to loss of the human touch in health care. In the work on of digitalization, the interpersonal aspect in health care may be lost. The doctors are forced to think in categories and can seldom give tongue to a personal opinion on an individual case. c. Electronics patient records are not that efficient. Despite efforts in digitalization and standardization, but sometimes one clinics EMR system is not compatible with that of a general practitioner or another clinics system, thus belying the claim of added efficiency d.Electronic medical records are not safe and secure. Google Health and HealthVault are quick in assuring patients of the base hit of their online health accounts. Stories of data hacking, stolen identities and blackmail abound. Even high security databases such as those run by banks and credit institutions are often compromised. 3. Should people encorporate trust Google with their electronic medical records? Why or why not? People should charter Googles electronic medical records as it allows patients to manage their medical records.If they decide to change doctors or hospitals, they will be able to electronically transfer their Google records by themselves. There are a lot of advantages that has been discussed in above questions which will benefit people and the whole system. whatever concerns like privacy and security of data is restricting people to adopt this they wonder whether hackers will be able to access the Google medical records or whether the company will use them commercially. Google has assured that it will not share or sell the data, and its absurd to think Google would attempt to use medical records for commercial purposes.Further, hacking into hospital, small clinic, or family practice computer systems is far easier that sledding after Googles data centre. Googles reassurances that its security is iron-tight and that businesses and individuals should have confidence in its ability to store and protect data. Based on these facts people should trust Google with their records. 4. If you were in charge of designing an electronic medical recordkeeping system, what are some features you would include? What are features you would avoid? The features which should be included in an electronic record keeping system are a.It should store and manage the medical and health information in one central place. b. It should be personalized i. e. the patient decides what goes on the record. c. It can give doctors fast and easy access to the patients records but only if the patient allows it. d. It can merchandise electronic records from hospitals and pharmacies that are Google Health-enabled or are registered Google Health partners. e. It should be exclusively free. f. It should be secure. g. The system will have record standardization and interfaces can be customized to each provider environment.This customization should be done so that a physicians input interface closely mimics previously utilized paper forms. to a greater extent time must be spent by both the murder team and the healthcare provider to understand the workflow needs. h. All together features that should be included are security, universal standards for gathering, storing, and disseminating dat a, and universal standards for transmission technologies. some(prenominal) features to be avoided are unrestricted access to data and unencrypted transmissions.

Swot Analysis College

SWOT Analysis Lauren Fischer October 29, 2012. SWOT Analysis Strengths Location sm all in all-scale student to teacher ratio Weaknesses Crime College Mission/Vision lack of Diversity Threats Economy Peer Insitutions Opportunities Economy External fundraising efforts Strengths Location execrable student to teacher ratio Weaknesses Crime College Mission/Vision leave out of Diversity Threats Economy Peer Insitutions Opportunities Economy External fundraising efforts Strengths Location The college whitethorn bene? t about from its stead.The location may hire undersized to do with the inner workings of the college, but it is one of the most winning features about the college. The campus aesthetics, historical surroundings and proximity to the beach makes it an attractive location for prospective college students and helps increase enrollment. The look of life here is rated highly which non only draws students to enroll, but fleets to high holding rates amongst the student bod y. assimilator to Teacher Ratio The student stave ratio stands at 1691 which allows an intimate learning environment for the students.The The faculty is silvery and genuinely c ar about the students. Students get to experience an availability to their professors and a personalized learning experience. This bene? ts the students and allows them to excel academically throughout their time at the college of charleston and establishes a mutual respect and good relationship amid the students and faculty. Students come here seeking that level of attention and leave the school receiving more than they expected. Weaknesses Crime The College lies in the heart of downtown trip the light fantastic, which neighbors North Charleston.North Charleston is regarded as one of the most dangerous cities in the nation. Crime draws enceinte publi city and damages student morale. While more students who are expecting an urban environment and have an understanding that there are dangers with livin g in a city, the crime level may hinder perspective students from enrolling. stealth is an issue on campus for many of the students. College Mission/Vision According to Charlestons strategic plan for the year of 2012, the college has failed to assert itself in the community. ingrained and external constituents are often computed about the Colleges missions, questioning whether it is the introduces liberal arts college or a encyclopedic university, private or public, a teaching or a look into institution. (Strategic Plan, p. 2) Two- thirds of the students at the College of Charleston are earning degrees in the liberal humanistic discipline and sciences and most of the faculty and students regard the school as a liberal arts college. The state of South Carolina considers College of Charleston to be one of the ten broad institutions.Lack of Diversity The College of Charleston has change magnitude its academic quality and quality of life signi? cantly over the years. Its stud ent body remains irresistibly white, female, middle class. The colleges current strategic plan says that partage of students from different ethnic groups at the College of Charleston is the lowest of any of the states four-year colleges and universities. The lack of diversity may hinder enrollments, especially those students looking for a unique urban experience. The school should try to develop strategies or programs that king attract more students from diverse backgrounds.Opportunities Economy While for many reasons the prudence can be seen as a scourge, and in todays world it is a threat for many colleges across the nation, it is an opportunity in disguise. Because of the economic downfall, many adults have been let go from there jobs. many another(prenominal) population who have become unemployed over the last fewer years have made the decision to return to school. Enrollments are up, and people are ? nishing their degrees and receiving new ones. In result, the college is receiving more money from new enrollments and lot adults continue their future.External Fundraising Efforts The college has a sanitary presence and history in the city of charleston. The school needs to utilize that presence and seek out external fundraising efforts and support. According to College of Charlestons strategic plan, the colleges external resources have been historically weak and remain signi? cantly behind the level of of success in peer institutions. There seems to be an issue of underfunding throughout the college, but increased relations with external resources can enhance endowment resources and continue on with future growth of the college.Threats Economy While the current economy could lead to possible opportunities for the college, it stands as an obvious threat the the college and its operations. State appropriation combine with other operating revenues make up only 20 percent of the budget, making the College Substantially dependent on tuition revenues. The college cannot depend on state sources alone to fund future growth. In our current economy, people are pinching their pockets and saving money in any way that they can.In result, many are opting out of college or going to community colleges instead. There is a higher demand for loans and scholarships than ever before. The College is currently unable to offer all deserving students competitive scholarships and ? nancial aid. People are hurting everywhere, usual donors and alumni are cutting their approachs and providing less donations to the college or none at all. This causes in shortages for technology, facilities, and athletics. Peer Institutions Peer institutions have always and will always be a threat to the College of Charleston.People are going to less urban schools where the cost of living is cheaper. The College is not well known for their sports and does not have a football team, so many schools with strong athletics draw in more students who desire the camaraderie bi g athletics brings to a university. Salaries and bene? ts for faculty and staff has not kept pace with our competitors. This could cause lowered retention and recruitment among the staff and faculty at the college and College Of Charleston could risk losing their strong reputation.All of these weaknesses in the colleges internal and external workings stand as a bene? t for other institutions and pose as a threat to the success of the College of Charleston. Sources The College of Charleston http//www. cofc. edu/strategicplan/ The Princeton Review http//www. princetonreview. com/schools/college/CollegeAcademics. aspx? iid=1022 883 College Prowler http//collegeprowler. com/college-of-charleston/ Post & Courier http//www. postandcourier. com/ term/20121016/PC05/121019443/1010/conde-nast-charleston-top-tourist-cityin-the-world

Horror movies

Why inconsistency Films Rule the World? more than than and much abhorrence searchers be resulting to line up to bargain for tickets for a alarming motion picture and sit in the front of the masking to mention with blood and terror, all to enjoy the intense visit of be afraid. sc ary dissipates go out a terrifying experience of forethought in many an opposite(prenominal) moviegoers however, non everyone is spontaneous to take time to enjoy the persuasion of macrocosm scargond and such, rather viewing audience reject mutual exclusiveness movies because they do not insufficiency to spend money to feel afraid, threatened, and uncomfortable.On the early(a) hand, many moviegoers be so attracted to escort those horrible scenes, which provide a lane for them to apprehend their inner emotions with forbidden telling anyone else. The increasing popularity of shuddery films raises an interesting heading if fear is a natural survival response to a dangerou s, threatening, or raw situation, why will a lot Of moviegoers desire to seek give a guidance t put on feeling? The answer is obvious.Even though repugnance movies reveal something disgusting and terrible, the raise of organism afraid is one way for viewing audience, especially vernal audiences, to get through spiritual fulfillment. ceremonial horror movies leaves moviegoers feeling a smasher of passion when they explore their fears, akin the experience of riding a sneer coaster. fast Ring, in her bind Why Do Some Brains admire fright? describes how the excitement of self-scaring comes from the history of crimp coasters.She explains that constructing the tracks and carriages to carry scream parkwayrs across the mountains, which instead of sitting in sleds and speeding down the mountain with sp ar synthetical bumps (Atlantic. Com). The improvement of roller coasters was making riders more excited. alarming movies, ar comparable to roller coaster, although viewers feel terrified, they enjoy the experience of screaming egress and new thrills. The automation satisfies many viewers horny enjoyment when the solicitation of horror films r individuallyes their inner fears.In addition, Stephen King, author of Why Crave Horror Movies, argues that An horror movies, like roller coasters, birth always been the special province of the youth because they attain higher desire to show that we green goddess, that we atomic number 18 not afraid, that we quite a little ride this roller coaster, an notice that comp atomic number 18s the idea of shivery movies to roller coasters that visualize are for populate, particularly young adults, to seek excitement and progress to self-assurance (29).Horror movies are most poplar with the young generation, only middle-aged and cured adults sop up less need for getting their scares from horror movies because their square lives are shuddery enough, such as facing layoff, losing loved ones, volu meing with poverty. In other words, young viewers are drawn to the appeal of being shake up because they are more likely to look for intense experiences and uphold their cognitive content of facing their fears.Going to a horror film may not issuance in immediate excitement like riding a roller coaster, but those shuddery plots will top out most viewers to in stages feel excited by building the suspense or the audience. Watching horror movies not only offer a riches of stimulate feelings for audiences to explore their fears, but the monsters in those chilling scenes are relatable on a very human level. According to Jason Kinsman, author of The Critique of pristine Horror, states the conjecture of the philosopher Nol Carroll, a staunch critic of the psychoanalytic approach, One rectitude of Mr..Carols theory is that it captures the paradoxical nature of horrors allure the very oddity that makes monsters outrageous is merely what makes them attractive a observation that monsters so attracted to the ewers because those monsters as symbolisms glint the darkest feelings of valet de chambre (31 ). Many people put on masks to conceal their darkest fears when they somewhat others in their daily lives.People may often prevail the same feelings as monsters who inadequacy to change the world in some ways. They also want to rest period the unfair rules without following the law. Even though some of them bind those evil ideas, they cannot substantially do this. Watching horror movies provides a receive for them to menace emotions that friendship treats un guideable. Monsters like zombies and ghosts are the horror and disgust elements of scary genres let evil thoughts, wrong decisions, opposite emotions totally expose.When people are festive enough to sit in front of a movie harbor that shows the bloody and terror, they can understand their darkest side of themselves. In other words, film producers create monsters, which sketch out the most natu ral darkest fears of human, to sponsor oneself moviegoers accept and face their fears. Enjoying scary condition is a safe way to attain emotional force out that help viewers temporarily make out from the real world.Kinsman mentions that while these scholars argued that horror taps onto positive emotions that are otherwise repressed, other psychoanalytic theories saw horror in the opposite erupt as a safe and cathartic way to deal with darker feelings an observation that suggests that scary genres are the safe paths leading to emotional relaxation and on guide from the real world (31 Moreover, Sharon Begley, in her article Why Our Brains turn in Horror Movies, mentions that we go that, in an hour or deuce, were leaving to mountain pass out whole.Were not going to have any holes in our head, and our wagon will still be in our bodies (Deliberates. Com). This illustrates why fans of horror ivies are willing to spend one or two hours to sit in the theaters. They know horror movies surrender them to explore their fears without placing them in real danger. In other words, the viewers are comfortable with dealing with their darkest fears when they watch those scary genres because they are in a protected state of their minds they understand that no real harm can come to them. To really enjoy a horror movie, people have to know that they are in a totally safe space.The appeal of horror movies goes beyond thrill- seeking and emotional sculptural relief because it serves as an effective way to record how to handle terror. As Begley suggests, by diddleing to suppress feelings and display mastery or hang up to others in a dependent ploy for protection, a person learns to have intercourse with other aspect Of his or her environment, a skill that may be effectual in dealing with more than just horror pictures (Deliberates. Com). Scary genres help people learn to deliver the goods fears, particularly for teenagers and young adults.More and more moviegoer s are willing to line up for the tickets of horror movies, and place themselves in a fear inducing situation for one or two hours. afterwards they expose their forbidden emotions in the cinema, they should try to control those feelings hat alliance consider unacceptable in their real lives. Although people can happily face the best aspect of themselves at the same, they need to learn how to deal with their worst and darkest inner emotions. The horror movie genre allows horror seekers to pronounce their respective capacities of facing their undesirable feelings.People sometimes love to watch horror films with their friends, families, or lovers because a scary situation helps them to build stronger descents. Shelley Taylor, in her article Tend and Befriend Behavioral Bases of Affiliation Under line, shows that in addition to eight-or-flight, humans demonstrate tending and befriending responses to stress-?responses underpinned by the endocrine gland defunctness (psych. UCLA. Deed ). When people feel afraid, they can release hormones, like cytokine, that solid state the scary moments in their memory.Sometimes audiences care more about the experience Of going to a horror movie with the person, who they consider important, than the scary movie itself. If those viewers have a good movie experience with their friends, families, or partners, they are more likely to build a special closeness in nerve-wracking and scary situations. In reticular, horror movies help build relationship amidst partners. Benjamin Lee, author of Scream 4 A legal interlocking Movie, believes that it may seem odd, but theres good rationality to extend that watching a horror movie could increase draw poker between partners (counterrevolutionaries. Com).When a couple enjoys the thrill of fear, they share their reactions of being stimulate with each other, which leads to a stronger feeling of intimacy because the mutual uneasiness by nature tends to expose stronger bonds between tw o or more individuals. As I have shown, horror movies present stress inducing subjects, UT those scary images provide a special way for moviegoers, especially young people, to experience psychic satisfaction. Those horrific experiences offer viewers an opportunity to look for rousing analogous to riding roller coasters and a means to deal with the feelings that society consider unacceptable.Monsters in scary films play an important role in creating a link with the feelings of an individuals heart. Moreover, horror films develop an environment of being scared but in a safe environment People allow themselves to release their inner fears. More importantly, the purpose of itching scary genres is to learn how to manage ones fears because it as a skill to help people lead a better life. Experiencing fear together can lead people to build stronger relationships with each other.Horror moviesWhy Horror Films Rule the World? More and more horror seekers are willing to line up to buy ticke ts for a scary movie and sit in the front of the screen to watch with blood and terror, all to enjoy the intense experience of being afraid. Scary films provide a terrifying experience of fear in many moviegoers however, not everyone is willing to take time to enjoy the feeling of being scared and such, instead viewers reject horror movies because they do not want to spend money to feel afraid, threatened, and uncomfortable.On the other hand, many moviegoers are so attracted to watch those horrible scenes, which provide a channel for them to ace their inner emotions without telling anyone else. The increasing popularity of scary films raises an interesting question if fear is a natural survival response to a dangerous, threatening, or painful situation, why will a lot Of moviegoers desire to seek out that feeling? The answer is obvious.Even though horror movies reveal something disgusting and terrible, the appeal of being afraid is one way for viewers, especially young audiences, to achieve spiritual fulfillment. Watching horror movies leaves moviegoers feeling a rush of excitement when they explore their fears, like the experience of riding a leer coaster. Allegro Ring, in her article Why Do Some Brains Enjoy Fear? describes how the excitement of self-scaring comes from the history of roller coasters.She explains that constructing the tracks and carriages to carry screaming riders across the mountains, which instead of sitting in sleds and speeding down the mountain with additional man-made bumps (Atlantic. Com). The improvement of roller coasters was making riders more excited. Scary movies, are similar to roller coaster, although viewers feel terrified, they enjoy the experience of screaming out and new thrills. The automation satisfies many viewers emotional enjoyment when the appeal of horror films reaches their inner fears.In addition, Stephen King, author of Why Crave Horror Movies, argues that An horror movies, like roller coasters, have always been t he special province of the young because they have higher desire to show that we can, that we are not afraid, that we can ride this roller coaster, an observation that compares the idea of scary movies to roller coasters that design are for people, particularly young adults, to seek excitement and build confidence (29).Horror movies are most poplar with the young generation, but middle-aged and older adults have less need for getting their scares from horror movies because their real lives are scary enough, such as facing layoff, losing loved ones, dealing with poverty. In other words, young viewers are drawn to the appeal of being scared because they are more likely to look for intense experiences and confirm their capacity of facing their fears.Going to a horror film may not result in immediate excitement like riding a roller coaster, but those scary plots will lead most viewers to gradually feel excited by building the suspense or the audience. Watching horror movies not only off er a wealth of stimulating feelings for audiences to explore their fears, but the monsters in those scary scenes are relatable on a very human level. According to Jason Kinsman, author of The Critique of Pure Horror, states the theory of the philosopher Nol Carroll, a staunch critic of the psychoanalytic approach, One virtue of Mr..Carols theory is that it captures the paradoxical nature of horrors allure the very oddity that makes monsters repulsive is precisely what makes them attractive a observation that monsters so attracted to the ewers because those monsters as symbolisms reflect the darkest feelings of humanity (31 ). Many people put on masks to conceal their darkest fears when they around others in their daily lives.People may often have the same feelings as monsters who want to change the world in some ways. They also want to break the unfair rules without following the law. Even though some of them have those evil ideas, they cannot really do this. Watching horror movies provides a chance for them to expose emotions that society considers unacceptable. Monsters like zombies and ghosts are the horror and disgust elements of scary genres let evil thoughts, wrong decisions, opposite emotions totally expose.When people are brave enough to sit in front of a movie screen that shows the bloody and terror, they can understand their darkest side of themselves. In other words, film producers create monsters, which sketch out the most natural darkest fears of human, to help moviegoers accept and face their fears. Enjoying scary condition is a safe way to earn emotional release that help viewers temporarily escape from the real world.Kinsman mentions that while these scholars argued that horror taps onto positive emotions that are otherwise repressed, other psychoanalytic theories saw horror in the opposite light as a safe and cathartic way to deal with darker feelings an observation that suggests that scary genres are the safe paths leading to emotional relaxa tion and on escape from the real world (31 Moreover, Sharon Begley, in her article Why Our Brains Love Horror Movies, mentions that we know that, in an hour or two, were going to walk out whole.Were not going to have any holes in our head, and our hearts will still be in our bodies (Deliberates. Com). This illustrates why fans of horror ivies are willing to spend one or two hours to sit in the theaters. They know horror movies allow them to explore their fears without placing them in real danger. In other words, the viewers are comfortable with dealing with their darkest fears when they watch those scary genres because they are in a protected state of their minds they understand that no real harm can come to them. To really enjoy a horror movie, people have to know that they are in a completely safe space.The appeal of horror movies goes beyond thrill- seeking and emotional relief because it serves as an effective way to learn how to handle terror. As Begley suggests, by learning to suppress feelings and display mastery or cling to others in a dependent ploy for protection, a person learns to cope with another aspect Of his or her environment, a skill that may be useful in dealing with more than just horror pictures (Deliberates. Com). Scary genres help people learn to manage fears, particularly for teenagers and young adults.More and more moviegoers are willing to line up for the tickets of horror movies, and place themselves in a fear inducing situation for one or two hours. After they expose their forbidden emotions in the cinema, they should try to control those feelings hat society consider unacceptable in their real lives. Although people can happily face the best aspect of themselves at the same, they need to learn how to deal with their worst and darkest inner emotions. The horror movie genre allows horror seekers to gauge their respective capacities of facing their undesirable feelings.People sometimes love to watch horror films with their friends, fa milies, or lovers because a scary situation helps them to build stronger relationships. Shelley Taylor, in her article Tend and Befriend Behavioral Bases of Affiliation Under Stress, shows that in addition to eight-or-flight, humans demonstrate tending and befriending responses to stress-?responses underpinned by the hormone extinction (psych. UCLA. Deed). When people feel afraid, they can release hormones, like cytokine, that solidity the scary moments in their memory.Sometimes audiences care more about the experience Of going to a horror movie with the person, who they consider important, than the scary movie itself. If those viewers have a good movie experience with their friends, families, or partners, they are more likely to build a special closeness in stressful and scary situations. In reticular, horror movies help build relationship between partners. Benjamin Lee, author of Scream 4 A Good Date Movie, believes that it may seem odd, but theres good reason to expect that watch ing a horror movie could increase attraction between partners (counterrevolutionaries. Com).When a couple enjoys the thrill of fear, they share their reactions of being scared with each other, which leads to a stronger feeling of intimacy because the mutual uneasiness naturally tends to develop stronger bonds between two or more individuals. As I have shown, horror movies present stress inducing subjects, UT those scary images provide a special way for moviegoers, especially young people, to experience psychic satisfaction. Those horrific experiences offer viewers an opportunity to look for stimulation similar to riding roller coasters and a means to deal with the feelings that society consider unacceptable.Monsters in scary films play an important role in creating a link with the feelings of an individuals heart. Moreover, horror films develop an environment of being scared but in a safe environment People allow themselves to release their inner fears. More importantly, the purpose of itching scary genres is to learn how to manage ones fears because it as a skill to help people lead a better life. Experiencing fear together can lead people to build stronger relationships with each other.

A Critique of Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich

Barbara Ehrenreichs keep back, Nickel and Dimed, was certainly a wonderful glance over and is verily adequate to open the readers eyes to a receivedity that is usu eithery set aside by some(prenominal). The set aside was in the beginning a compilation of her researches as she went undercover to write well-nigh batch who had to work multiple jobs just to make ends meet. Those spate whose wages were down the stairs the minimum wage and were so busy with work they were not fitting to pursue their own interests and who were excessively permiting dependents.As a whole, the write was able to document her bonks as she wrote in her journal her everyday experiences. by dint of this, the readers were able to birth a glimpse into the lives of people she had worked with as a waitress at Florida, a healthc are aide at Maine and a salesperson of Wal-Mart at Minnesota. To be able to do this properly, though, she had to fake her qualifications and secrete her motives from her fello w workers. As a journalist, she also had to restrain herself from pointing bug out her political views to her colleagues.I think her method of studying the people may invite some flaws, some biases. Below would be several of them. First of all, she wasnt really like them. These people has had divers(prenominal) experiences and lived in a different environment unlike hers. Such factors would sire made an impact on how the subjects would act as people, as workers.The author menti iodind that her co-workers didnt even collect round insurance or other possible benefits included on the job they were on and just accepted what their boss said. If the workers were people who knew about such things, they would likely ask. Then, again, even if they knew, most of them would not accept cadence to think about such benefits as a whole because they would be too busy trying to ake ends meet anyway.Then, as one who had to experience the life of a poor worker, she was not able to live out t he role very well. One, she did not have anyone who depended on her earningsno family or siblings, unlike most of the subjects she studied. She did not feed anyone else other than herself nor did she have to consider the medical problems of other people.The author also did not bank religious organizations even when her coworkers were assureing her that it would be a great help. She forever and a day refused to accept money from charities and other such organizations. People in existing situations would not be refusing such help in fact, they would have been the ones who would be asking for help from such organizations, whether they believed in its cause or not.She also insisted on living alone, thus pay her rent by herself. She of all time seemed to talk about this issue solely was never really able to solve such an easy problem. Real people would have gone and looked for roommates to share the rent of the house. That way, she could have saved much money and may even develop a relationship with other people.The last art object of the statement was also one of the things she failed to do. Humans are social beings, thats a fact even when in that location are a some who say they prefer to live alone. All people need separately other and so far, the human race is progressing because of helping each other. The alike principle still happens and is certainly one of the most effective shipway to surviveto help one another. The author, unfortunately, was not able to build a proper relationship with her co-workers.She was not able to build a support network which most people actually have. I believe that this is one of the most vital parts in the lives of the working class. Yeah, they may be feeding more mouths and spending more, but the human companionship, the support, these extra people are giving to the workers actually motivate them to go on conflict and working.There was also this part on the book where she walks out in the middle of her shift as a wor ker in a restaurant just two weeks after being hired. The truth is, real people would not have done this, simply because they did not have the liberty to do so. They just could not afford to lose a job, however hard it is or low paying it is. And speaking of low-income, hard, disagreeable jobs, she also irresponsibly argues against corporations giving such small wages without considering the economics behind it like insurance and overhead. These things are work requirements and are deducted from the employees salaries. Of course, with those things, and probably additional loans, the employees would really get a small wage after all the deductions are done.Also, the fact that she seemed to give her own thoughts and comments on the issues that were tackled on the book made it less like professional journalism. Ehrenreich thought that the book was the product of undercover reporting, but it certainly lacked a bit of that genius because of the lack of objectivity of reporting the eve nts. She was not even able to tell or relate the lives her subjects were living. She could have picked a person, tried to get to survive him and be able to relate in the book more concretely the problems and issues the person was facing. Instead, the book was actually, in another point of view, mostly about her and how she coped up with living the life of such people.Sure, there were the other characters but it almost always seemed like she was the hero since the whole thing revolved around herself. The subjects she was supposed to be studying were like backdrops in her play. She really should have focused more on the lives of the people she was studying. She should have delved more on exactly how these people lived, what are the exact problems they were facing, if possible, what these people wanted, wished, they could do for themselves and what the government could do for them.Im not saying that Ehrenreich was all the way wrong in her methods and because of that, her book was esse ntially ineffective. The truth is, although it would have been better with the above suggestion, it has, in effect, really opened the eyes of its readers of the many people who have jobs but still really are poor. The book certainly disproved the mindset that if one has a job, then everythings red ink to be alright. It also might have made people regard their thoughts about the poor, saying that they are like that because they are lazy. The book shows that there are hardworking people, but unfortunately, even with all the jobs they are balancing, they are still not able to get out of the sticky mesh called poverty.Works CitedEhrenreich, Barbara. Nickel and Dimed On (Not) Getting By In America. smart York Metropolitan Books, 2001.

Nordstrom Incâ€analyzing Financial Performance

NORDSTROM INCANALYZING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE RETURN ON OPOERATING ASSETS ADDITIVE DUPONT precedent Summary Nordstrom is one of the oldest retail companies in the United States. It started from 1901 in Seattle and has been giving to a powerful retailer in national bea. Selling tall quality products is the most essential method for Nordstrom to collect its revenue. At the homogeneous time, Nordstrom likewise offers credits and debts to customers by his banks. In this case, we be tense uping to psychoanalysis Nordstroms fiscal statements and calculate few simple proportionalitys to approach the achievement of this keep company.The main point in our analysis is to figure out how Nordstrom is using its direct(a) additions to get begeting. a). roe is used to narration the utmost meshing in a period as a percentage of stockholders paleness. In opposite word, hard roe means how much net income we foundation get by using shareholders investment. roe is more important than net income in dollar harm because ROE is a ratio. balance allowed analysts to compare companies performance oer the period. In fact, the ratio can also help us compare companies in a different coat or different industry.Net income in dollar terms is not widely used because this method is limited by companies different situations. b). ROE and RONA are both useful methods to determine a companys performance. However, ROE and RONA measure a companys performance in a different way. ROE considers entire companys income, expenses and gain/ leaving of a companys profit RONA only consider a companys net profit from run activities. On the other hand, ROE calculates all returns which come from shareholders building of justice RONA only calculates the operating assets and liabilities which dont include the financing activities.The non-operating service of process of ROE represents is that a company captures profit from financing activities and investing activities (both of them ar e not operating activities). c). Marginal measure calculate means a rate of revenue that one company needs to pay on its next dollar of taxable income. Marginal tax rate entrust affect companys future economic decisions because this tax rate is related to the economic situation. So, companies not only need to consider federal official income tax but also need to consider state income tax. tax revenue safeguard is the tax reduction, which is created by items that are allowed to take deduction from tax income.For in position, interest on debt is tax-deductible, taking on debt makes tax shield. Tax shield is an important method to saving cash flow and it is a of import part of companies business valuation (Wikipedia, 2012). d. (in millions) Fiscal 2009 Fiscal 2008 Fiscal 2007 direct assets 6,579 5,661 5,600 Operating liabilities 2,394 1,938 1,988 Net operating assets 4,185 3,723 3,612 e. 2009 NOPAT= 441 + (138? (1- 38. 5%) = 526 2008 NOPAT= 401 + (131? (1-38. 5%) =482 The dolla r essence of Nordstroms tax shield from nonoperation activities in fiscal 2009 is $53 ( $ 138 x 38. 5 % ). f. 009 RNOA = $526 /($4,185 + $3,723)/2 = $526 / $3,954 = 13. 3% 2008 RNOA = $482 /($3,723 + $3,612)/2 = $482 / $3,668 = 13. 1% g. RNOA is improved over the two years. In place to understand the development, we can examine NOPM and NOAT. NOPM is 6. 1 % ( $ 526 / $ 8, 627) in 2009 and 5. 6 % ( $ 482 / 8, 573) in 2008. NOPM analyzes the amount of net operating profit after tax for distributively dollar that is been earned by gross revenue. The summation in NOPM may be seen a small increase but if the volume of the gross revenue is considered, the increase would bear huge impact on a increase in net income. NOAT is 2. 18 % ($ 8, 627 / 3,954) in 2009 and 2. 4 % ($ 8, 573 / 3, 688) in 2008. The reduce in NOAT draws that the company is slight efficient and movementive in terms of generating sales by use of assets. To conclude, it could be said that the company achieved vi olate probability by a worse use of operating assets. However, the stance of the company is good and becoming better if we emphasize the increase in RNOA over the two years. h. 2009 ROE = $441 /($1,572+ $1,210)/2 = 31. 7 % Non operating return ROE RNOA = 31. 7 % 13. 3 % = 18. 4 % 2008 ROE = $401 /($1, 210 + $ 1,115)/2 = 34. 5 % Non operating return ROE RNOA = 34. 5 % 13. 1 % = 21. 4 % The ROE is decreased from 34. % to 31. 7 % over the two years. The difference between ROE and RNOA shows that there is non-operating return. Non-operating returns shows the effect of debt to finance operating assets. Moreover, it shows that Nordstrom uses liabilities or debt to increase operating assets and earnings. Nordstrom uses debt and the cost of the debt is less than the earnings, therefore it is beneficial for the company. i. Net non-operating obligations 2007 $261+ $2,236 = $2,497 2008 $275+$24+$$2,214 = $2,513 2009 $356+2,257= $2,613 FLEV 2009 ($2,613+$2,513)/2/$1,390 = 1. 84 2008 $2,523+ $2,497)/2/$1,163 = 2. 15 It shows that Nordstrom has $1. 4 of non-operating liabilities for every dollar of shareholders equity. The company has less financial leverage compare to year 2008. Additionally, the company does not have non-operating assets FLEV measure can be used as companys debt-to-equity ratio too. Spread 2009 13. 3% ($85/$2,563) = 10. 0% 2008 13. 1% ($81/$2,505) = 9. 9% Nordstroms RNOA earned 13. 3% and 13. 1% in 2008 and 2009, while the company paying only 3. 3% and 3. 2% for its debt. Therefore, it means that the company operating return exceeds the cost of borrowing. Non-operating return 2009 1. 84 x 10. 0% = 18. 4% 2008 2. 15 x 9. 9% 21. 3% j. Nordstrom TJX Return on equity 31. 7% 48. 3% RNOA 13. 3% 38. 3% NOPM 6. 1% 6. 1% NOAT 2. 1% 6. 28% Non operating return 18. 4% 10. 1% FLEV 1. 84 0. 29 Spread 10. 0% 34. 9% The ROE of Nordstrom is 31. 7% and TJX 48. 3% show that both of the companies are very profitable. The companies are very different than each other in terms of strategies. Nordstrom mostly uses leverage in order to increase the returns on the other hand, TJX uses mostly stockholders equity and less leverage. two of the companies have the same NOPM at 6. 1% that states that both companies make 6. 1 cents after tax for every dollar of sale.Furthermore, TJX has better operating asset turnover (NOAT) than Nordstrom, which shows that TJX is converting its operating assets to cash three times faster than Nordstrom. RNOA is measured by multiplying NOAT and NOPM that is 13. 3 % for Nordstrom and 38. 4 % for TJX. The non-operating return is different for companies. The forms are 18. 4 % for Nordstrom and 10. 1 % for TJX. The numbers show that Nordstrom has more leverage than TJX. Nordstroms FLEV is much higher than TJX which shows that TJX has less obligations and leverage than Nordstrom with regarding to equity. TJXs spread is 3 times higher than Nordstrom.Although both companies have relatively close non-operating expenses to non-oper ating obligations number ( cost of debt ), the difference in Spread is related to RNOA numbers. Additionally, TJX does not have many obligations, which lead to low non-operating return. k. In order to improve RNOA in 2010, the company can improve its NOPM or its NOAT. Nordstrom managements have to improve their sales and reduce the expenses so as to improve NOPM. Decreasing the amount of operating assets such as long-term fixed assets can increase NOAT. Additionally, they can try some ways to collect account receivable quickly, tell on inventories quickly nd sell some property or equipment. In terms of liabilities, Nordstrom managements can defer to pay bill in account payable and income tax liabilities. These methods may improve Nordstroms RNOA. Conclusion Nordstrom Inc. s RNOA ratio shows that the companys financial performance in 2009 is passably better than in 2008. More specifically, the RNOA is increased from 13. 3% to 13. 1 % over the two years but its ROE is decreased. The difference between ROE and RNOA shows that there is non-operating return. Non-operating returns shows the effect of debt to finance operating assets.Moreover, it shows that Nordstrom uses liabilities or debt to increase operating assets and earnings. Nordstrom uses debt and the cost of the debt is less than the earnings, therefore it is beneficial for the company. Based on the selective information from balance sheet, on the other hand, the managements utilized more liabilities in 2009 than 2008 to increase the returns.. That means Nordstroms managers did good jobs in financial performance in 2009. However, compared with others more successful companies in the same industry, such as TJX, Nordstrom managements should try others effective methods to improve their returns.

Balanced Scorecard and Financial Perspective

African Journal of Business prudence Vol. 5(32), pp. 12520-12530, 14 December, 2011 Available on seam at http//www. academicjournals. org/AJBM inside 10. 5897/AJBM11. 928 ISSN 1993-8233 2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper An investigation into the inter birth betwixt equilibrize do card performers A case make in the self-propelling industry Jalalpoor Mahdieh1 and Tolouei Pedram2* 1 Department of Management, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.Department of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 2 received 14 June, 2011 Since 1990s, when Kaplan and Norton introduced equipoised nonice (BSC) poser, this imitate has been considerably popular amongst managers on the whole over the world. Although BSC is known as a successful public presentation quantity tool amongst managers, thither pee-pee been criticisms of that including How pecuniary and non- monetary measures argon linked together? Are kinships in a direct government agency or on that point is bi-directional casualty?To castigate the limitations to current BSC theory, this paper aims to describe master(prenominal) factors of for sever whollyy one equilibrize posting BSC positionings and check out interrelation amidst them with consideration to machinemotive part sector in Iran. For this aim, we analyze the family family surrounded by sundry(a) placements in structure of equilibrate scorecard and measure causative relationships in the midst of respective(a)(a) spatial relations and their role in improving financial survey. This look for was conducted finished a set of periodical reports of Balances scorecard factors in Tosnco social club of auto industry during a three-year period.Case breeding evidence verified the underlying conjectural hypothesis of BSC. It is verified that statuss atomic number 18 dogmaticly cor think with for sepa arrayly one new(prenominal) and new interrelation amidst internal march situations facto r and financial spatial relation evidence was in like manner found. The progressive dimension of this research is that we very applied BSC in Iran and investigated factors cogitate to auto industry and interrelation mingled with factors with separately opposite. Key words Performance, serve well, guest, finance, factors. INTRODUCTION Performance standard is considered a part of a exertion focal read system. This exercise includes series of activities to eminently and spiritually achieve organizational excellence in the competitive depicted object and focus the efficiency and tackiveness of these activities. Martinson (1999) offer several descriptions of organizational exertion, and preface a variant of puzzles and methods to performance measurement at the same time. traditionalistic performance measurement methods *Corresponding author. E-mail emailprotected ut. ac. it Abbreviations BSC, Balanced scorecard statistical package for the social sciences. SPSS, that were found on financial measures- not hardly reflected the complete success or failure of companies that did not ave the necessary abilities, further also failed to establish a logical relation amidst the friendships success factors and was unable to sustenance management programs (Kaplan and Norton, 2001). Environmental management issues have received an increased amount of attention in new years, as have various performance measurement systems (PMS) such as the balanced scorecard (BSC). At this time, BSC was demonst respected as the most practical and panoptic performance measurement warning. In recent years, BSC has been a all-encompassing representative when looking at management issues for financial and non-financial purposes and has been very popular as it as attracted a lot of attention (Norreklit, 2000). This perplex offers a variety of performance factors in four Mahdieh and Pedram views The fiscal sight the customer survey the internal business process be rth and the organizational larn and result location. The BSC is a multi-criteria military rating concept that gamelights the greatness of performance measurement (Tseng, 2010). establish on BSC, the perplex and effect relationship among the four perspectives have been created (WongOn-Wing et al. , 2007 Paul, 1998). In fact, the logic of cause and effect as the message of he BSC approach-which distinguishes it from other approaches- is described (Atkinson et al. , 1997). It is fix upd that the learning and growth performance, internal process performance, existumier performance, and financial performance counteract separately other ultimately (DE Haas and Kleingeld, 1999). Jones and Sasser (1995) recognized a cause and effect relationship surrounded by commitment and customer satisfaction and financial results, where customer satisfaction leads to loyalty and it is customer satisfaction that can bring positive financial results. Due to the concatenation relationship betwixt perspectives, hanges in one perspective would cause changes and reactions in other perspectives. Consequently, managers can achieve improved financial results through the kitchen stove relationship between perspectives (Cohen et al. , 2008). human relationships in BSC model be indicated within the fashion model of the fact that in nightspot to make financial results, we moldiness offer up order for costumers, and this would happen only, when an organization improved internal processes and match them with costumers demands. Accordingly, in order to improved internal processes, and initialize processes that provide value for costumers, the rganization must reinforce growth and learning in the organization (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). Hogue and James, in study of Australian construction companies in 2000, realized that the companies employing non-financial factors have made big financial results. Other researchers have realized that using BSC is indirectly link to impr oved performance and profitability (Malina and Selto, 2001). There ar very fewer researches connect to causal relationship between various factors especially between financial perspective and other perspectives in BSC model. Amongst such researches we can point to a research, in Greece, that onsiders the relationship between parameters of BSC model in 90 companies. Results of this research indicate that improving non-financial perspectives results in go bad financial perspectives, and non-financial perspectives ar inter associate (Cohen and Thiraios, 2008). Although BSC is known as a successful performance measurement tool amongst managers, in that respect have been criticisms of that including How are financial and nonfinancial measures are linked together? Are relationships in a direct way or there is bi-directional casualty? In this study, we present an approach to overcome the limitations to current BSC theory.The scope of our study is two-fold the first terminus is to i nvestigate and identify important factors of each balanced score card perspectives with 12521 consider to self-propelling move sector. We categorize the factors and determine their priority in regard to environment of automotive parts industry. While the second goal of the study is centre on cause and effects logics and linking financial and non-financial perspectives together. In this part, we get bring out judge the influence of factors of each perspective on other perspectives and analyze the cause and effect relationship between them. In order to present a better image of reciprocal preserves f various factors, we have taken into consideration four perspectives of the automotive company with an exception of BSC, and then we provide analyze the interrelationship between four perspectives. Considering the fact that in the present environment of Iran, management and control affairs are considerably important, and complete scientific evaluations are amongst managers majo r concerns, BSC is considered to be one of the most comprehensive and functional tools of performance evaluation. This research measures the effects of different perspectives of balanced score card in an automotive parts manufacturing unit in Iran. publications REVIEWHere, we first explain how to use balanced scorecard, and then in the neighboring part, we investigate and identify factors related to each perspective. man A BSC Since 1990s, when Kaplan and Norton introduced BSC model, this model has been considerably popular amongst managers all over the world. Hundreds of organizations have already employed this model, or intend to employ it in near future (Rautiainen, 2008 Kald and Nilsson, 2000). health care organization in Sweden has appreciated BSC model quite well, and has employed it as a solution to organizational problems, as well as a means of realizing organizational goals (Aidemark, 001). Germany, England and Italy have also successfully developed BSC model (Gehrke a nd Horvath, 2002). Numerous countries in Northern Europe have employed this model (Kald and Nilsson, 2000), and studies indicate that the model has been specifically favored in most of those countries although in slightly countries, including France, where there is another model called dashboard rooted in their culture, BSC model is not so popular (Bourguignon et al. , 2004). Kaplan and Norton melodic line on wideness of three principals in the concept of BSC 1. Maintaining causal relationship 2. Including adequate performance incentives and timulators 3. Maintaining the relationship with financial measurement factors (Speckbacher et al, 2003). 12522 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. course 1. All perspectives of BSC. On this basis, researches conjure up to this model as a means of working out strategies based on causal relationship (Speckbacher et al. , 2003). Causal logic is considered to be the essence of BSC model. Other researchers name causal logic as the core of BSC model (Atkinson, 1997 Norreklit, 2000). There are also theories stressing that Kaplan and Norton (1996) have not adequately explained the causal relationships, and researchers claim that the entioned relationships are not causal, and are merely logic (Pedram, 2003). other research, in Finland, is indicative of dissatisfactions caused by lack of causal relationship between components of the model (Malmi, 2001). Although definition of causal relationships is the basis of accomplishment for balanced scorecard model, apparently many organizations do not take this into consideration (Aidmark, 2001 Ittner et al. , 2003). Part B genes related to each perspective in BSC In this paper, in order to measure and gauge relationships between various perspectives, we searched or factors related to each perspective. The four perspectives of BSC are learning and growth, internal processes, costumer, and financial. Here we concisely explain characteristics of each perspective. Learning and growth perspective str ess on innovation, creativity, competition, capabilities, and target exchangejective properties. This perspective aims to identify professions (human assets), system ( tuitional asset), and organizational state (organizational asset) in order to support internal processes. inwrought process perspective identify decisive processes in the organization. In this perspective, we ust make sure that companys products and services meet the needs of customers. Costumer perspective results in introduction of a valuable approach that guarantees loyalty of costumers. In this perspective we must keep constantly identifying parameters, which costumers consider as valuable, and provide them for costumers. pecuniary perspective defines tangible outcomes of organizations strategies and includes a series of traditional financial factors. This perspective covers longterm goals of the organization, and companys major goals are ordinarily put into this perspective. Financial erspective is usually co nsidered to be a secondary view and a function of other perspectives. It is indeed the outcome of activities of other three non-financial perspectives. All perspectives, their causal relationships, and their relationships with strategies are shown in phone number 1. METHODOLOGY Kaplan and Norton stress that BSC is a model, and must be optimized in amity with specific elements related to an organization or industry. This model cannot be used as a general model for various organizations and industries, or even for all aspects of an industry. Therefore, it must be designed and xecuted individually for each condition and each organization. all(prenominal) organization must adjust BSC to its own mission, outlook, strategy, engineering, organizational culture, and environment, in order to use it properly (Kaplan and Norton, 1993). For the same reason, we searched in related literature and Mahdieh and Pedram. studies and worked out factors related to each perspective within the realm o f automotive parts. The factors are as follows 1. There are whatever general factors in accordance with the requirements of international standard. Standard related to this industry is ISO/TS16949 2009 and ISO9000 2.There are also factors related to costumer, which all companies must report to costumers periodically. 3. Factors related to other stake carrier such as communities, share holders and employees 4. Factors included in scientific obligates and researches with related subjects We took all required factors from the mentioned semens and put them in add-in 1. radical of each factor is shown in the table too. After taking the viewpoints of experts and conditions of the Company into consideration, we selected main factors from hold over 1. Factors shown in Table 2 are measured and analyse as major factors throughout this article. overly in Table 3, the number of factors which are used in the paper is shown. Hypotheses formulation According to Kaplan and Norton model ther e is a continuous relationship between perspectives of BSC. According to this model, Kaplan and Norton claimed that outcomes of optimizing performance of learning and growth perspective are evident in better performance of internal business processes. This would accordingly have a positive effect on costumer perspective, and finally improves financial performance. These relationships are shown in Figure 2. The following research has aimed to evaluate this claim.In this article, we analyze the relationship between various perspectives in structure of balanced scorecard. Measuring causal relationships between various perspectives and their role in improving financial perspective is the final goal of this research. Three hypotheses were formed in this regard H1. 1 There is a positive relationship between learning-growth perspective and internal process perspective. H1. 2 There is a positive relationship between internal process and costumer perspective. H1. 3 There is a positive relati onship between customer perspective and financial perspective.In the next part, we investigated the relationship between each main perspective of BSC and detailed factors of the other perspectives. The second part of article will assess these hypotheses H2. 1 There is a positive relationship between all factors of learning and growth perspective and internal process perspective in total. H2. 2 There is a positive relationship between all factors of internal process perspective and costumer perspective in total. H2. 3 There is a positive relationship between all factors of customer perspective and financial perspective in total. 12523 se performance factors which had been frequently used in literature of BSC. For financial perspective we used one financial criterion. In the following tables abbreviations and values related to each factor are brought from TOSN data during the period of 2006-2009. Number of factors in each perspective is shown in Table 4. We worked out take aim of r ealisation of factors on the basis of company reports, covering the period of March twenty-first 2006 to March 20th 2010, and in a monthly order. In order to synchronize and facilitate calculations, we worked out reports related to the factors on a monthly basis and in forms of percentages.For each factor, we worked out 48 data from the animated information, we then calculated geometrical average of factors and determined the level of interrelation between each factor and geometrical average of the related perspective. We also worked out value of each factor for the period of March twenty-first 2006 to March 20th 2010. Measuring the relationship between perspectives This trend showed that the BSC, when punish have growth factor. By using Statistical Package for the societal Sciences (SPSS) in this article, Level of interrelation between each factor and other factors of the same perspective was taken into consideration.By using SPSS, we determine importance rate of sub-scales (fac tors). The importance rate of each factor is shown in Tables 5, 6 and 7. Also the correlation between four main perspectives is shown in Table 8. The relationship between these four perspectives is shown in Figure 3. In Addition to relationships which are stated in Kaplan and Norton BSC card, it is obvious that there are some self-coloured between perspectives. These relationships demonstrate that not only these for perspectives are in give with each other in simple direction as it is shown in Figure 2 they depend on each other indirectly. It eans that not only our hypotheses in the first part are based on facts some other relationships should be taken into account. Next, we determined whether all the sub factors of each perspective influence on upper perspective. For this aim, we consider each factors of one perspective (for example learning) and calculated the correlation between all factors of that (L1-L8) with the next perspective (In this example, the process perspective). e stablish on BSC model, all of the factors of each perspective (Learning) must influence directly on the next perspective (process). We will investigate whether this claim is true or not.These relations are shown in Figure 4. Research method Conclusion Statistics used in this article are related to automotive parts manufacturing companies in Iran. The data are collected in Naien Development and Progress Company (TOSN Co. ). TOSN was open up in January 1997. The main activity of this company is manufacturing main parts of automotive engine. The company is the sole manufacturer of some specific parts in Iran. The company outlook is defined as pioneering in manufacturing main parts of automotive engine in the Middle East. In this research we tried and true to In this article, we investigated factors related to each erspective. In order to measure and evaluate relationships between various perspectives, we searched for factors related to each perspective and ranked them for each perspe ctive (Tables 5, 6 and 7). In the next part, we evaluated level of interrelation between non-financial perspectives and financial perspectives through 12524 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. Table 1. General factors related to evaluating BSC perspectives. Perspective Factor Abbreviations Financial Return on assets return on equity strain turnover sales margin assets turnover, debtors turnover ROE ROA IT SM AT DT Percentage of lost clientsPercentage of customers complaints Market share on time livery to customer rate of orders variety of products (according to the trade), comprehend level of quality sensed level of trust to the products After-sales service Rate of new costumers perceive level of service Brand awareness Brand image perceived value of money Perceived level of service PLC PCC MSh OTD RO VoP PLoQ PLoT AfSS NC PLoS BA BI PVoM PLoS makeiveness of the quality management system Degree of evaluation suppliers performance number of raw material suppliers decrement defect (casting , machining) Reduction scraps m ean time to mitigate ean time between faults repair be Quality cost Per capita logistic per capita raw materials transportation costs per capita product transportation costs EQMS DoESP NRMS RD RS MTTR MTBF RC QC PL PRMTC PPTC Costumer interior processes 1 source 2 4 * * * * * * * * 3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Mahdieh and Pedram. 12525 Table 1. Contd. production person-hours average occasional production percentage of product realization Useful product line internal duplication error overall equipment efficiencyEffective dispatching of orders (in terms of price, specifications and delivery time) distributor point of cooperation with suppliers decimal point of cooperation with distribution channels hasten of adopting innovations already introduced in the merchandise Speed of adopting innovations not yet introduced in the market rate of s upport the can for origination of a process-based organization Learning and Growth PPH adenosine diphosphate Ppr Upl Ide OEE EDO DoCS DoCDC SoAIaI SoAInI sgepo Per capita presented suggestion, per capita received suggestions per capita executed suggestions rate of readiness hours rate of teaching section efficiencyFrequency rate of accident Severity rate of accident rate of access to IT per capita non-cash bonus rate of investment in new technology rate of innovative products and services exchange of information with co-operative companies Promotion of joint business plans with co-operating companies Cooperative companies monitoring Collaboration and information exchange in the organization Pps Pas Pes Rth Rtse FRA SRA Rai PNCB InvTech IPS FExCO FPCBT CCM FCoEx * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Source 1-factors from international standardSource 2-factors from customer viewpoint Source 3-factor s focusing on stakeholder viewpoint Source 4-factors from literature review questioning main hypotheses in balanced scorecard logic. Indeed, we tried to find a real evidence for this claim. The questioned data in TOSN, manufacturer of automotive parts using balanced scorecard for 3 years, confirms this claim in some aspects. Results of presented hypotheses were as follows Interrelations between growth perspective and internal processes perspective was some 0. 96. Also, interrelation between processes perspective and costumer perspective was 0. 824. Interrelation etween costumer perspective and financial perspective was 0. 781(results are shown in Table 8). Therefore, in this company there is a deep and 12526 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. Table 2. Selected factors related to evaluating BSC perspectives in this article. Factor Financial perspective Sales margin Abbreviation chase Sm F Customer perspective Market share Perceived level of quality Perceived level of trust to the products After- sales service Perceived level of service Brand awareness Brand image Perceived value of money MSh PLoQ PLoT AfSS PLoS BA BI PVoM c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c8 c8 Internal business and production process perspectiveEffective dispatching of orders (in terms of price, specifications and delivery time) degree of cooperation with suppliers degree of cooperation with distribution channels Speed of adopting innovations already introduced in the market Speed of adopting innovations not yet introduced in the market Rate of support the groundwork for establishment of a process-based organization EDO DoCS DoCDC SoAIaI SoAInI Sgepo p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 Learning and growth perspective Rate of investment in new technology Rate of innovative products and services Exchange of information with co-operative companiesPromotion of common business plans with co-operating companies Collaboration and information exchange in the organization Rate of training hours Rate of training section efficiency Cooperative compan ies monitoring InvTech IPS FExCO FPCBT FCoEx Rth Rtse CCM l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6 l7 l8 Table 3. Number of factors in each perspective. Number of factor 1 8 6 8 23 Perspective Financial perspective Customer perspective Internal business and production process perspective Learning and growth perspective Total and positive relationship between non-financial factors of the model. According to BSC model, Kaplan and Norton claimed hat outcomes of optimizing performance of learning and growth perspective are evident in better performance of internal business processes. This would accordingly have a positive effect on costumer perspective, and finally improves financial performance. Kaplan and Norton did not investigate the different relationship between all perspectives. In this article, we assessed all the relationships between perspectives to determine the cause and effect relationship between all perspectives. Our research resulted in amazing conclusion. We found the relationship between bus iness processes and financial perspective strong.Interrelation between financial perspective and internal Mahdieh and Pedram. 12527 Figure 2. Effect of factors of BSC on each other. Table 4. The importance rate of each factor in the learning perspective. L1 1 0. 854(**) 0. 933(**) 0. 938(**) 0. 947(**) 0. 969(**) 0. 968(**) 0. 959(**) 0. 975(**) L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L L2 0. 854(**) 1 0. 959(**) 0. 948(**) 0. 868(**) 0. 891(**) 0. 922(**) 0. 903(**) 0. 938(**) L3 0. 933(**) 0. 959(**) 1 0. 968(**) 0. 934(**) 0. 937(**) 0. 954(**) 0. 954(**) 0. 978(**) L4 0. 938(**) 0. 948(**) 0. 968(**) 1 0. 928(**) 0. 957(**) 0. 976(**) 0. 955(**) 0. 984(**) L5 0. 947(**) 0. 868(**) 0. 34(**) 0. 928(**) 1 0. 911(**) 0. 934(**) 0. 957(**) 0. 961(**) L6 0. 969(**) 0. 891(**) 0. 937(**) 0. 957(**) 0. 911(**) 1 0. 987(**) 0. 958(**) 0. 978(**) L7 0. 968(**) 0. 922(**) 0. 954(**) 0. 976(**) 0. 934(**) 0. 987(**) 1 0. 963(**) 0. 990(**) L8 0. 959(**) 0. 903(**) 0. 954(**) 0. 955(**) 0. 957(**) 0. 958(* *) 0. 963(**) 1 0. 982(**) L 0. 975(**) 0. 938(**) 0. 978(**) 0. 984(**) 0. 961(**) 0. 978(**) 0. 990(**) 0. 982(**) 1 Table 5. The importance rate of each factor in the process perspective. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P P1 1 0. 852(**) 0. 918(**) 0. 765(**) 0. 916(**) 0. 865(**) 0. 962(**) P2 0. 852(**) 1 0. 663(**) 0. 951(**) . 925(**) 0. 853(**) 0. 920(**) P3 0. 918(**) 0. 663(**) 1 0. 580(**) 0. 736(**) 0. 683(**) 0. 827(**) P4 0. 765(**) 0. 951(**) 0. 580(**) 1 0. 824(**) 0. 738(**) 0. 827(**) P5 0. 916(**) 0. 925(**) 0. 736(**) 0. 824(**) 1 0. 939(**) 0. 968(**) P6 0. 865(**) 0. 853(**) 0. 683(**) 0. 738(**) 0. 939(**) 1 0. 958(**) P 0. 962(**) 0. 920(**) 0. 827(**) 0. 827(**) 0. 968(**) 0. 958(**) 1 Table 6. The importance rate of each factor in the customer perspective. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C C1 1 0. 979(**) 0. 959(**) 0. 872(**) 0. 953(**) 0. 945(**) 0. 806(**) 0. 820(**) 0. 938(**) C2 0. 979(**) 1 0. 948(**) 0. 891(**) 0. 947(**) 0. 53(**) 0. 855(**) 0. 876(**) 0. 965(**) C3 0. 9 59(**) 0. 948(**) 1 0. 849(**) 0. 972(**) 0. 960(**) 0. 705(**) 0. 733(**) 0. 898(**) C4 0. 872(**) 0. 891(**) 0. 849(**) 1 0. 873(**) 0. 933(**) 0. 879(**) 0. 878(**) 0. 956(**) C5 0. 953(**) 0. 947(**) 0. 972(**) 0. 873(**) 1 0. 970(**) 0. 733(**) 0. 764(**) 0. 917(**) C6 0. 945(**) 0. 953(**) 0. 960(**) 0. 933(**) 0. 970(**) 1 0. 804(**) 0. 829(**) 0. 961(**) C7 0. 806(**) 0. 855(**) 0. 705(**) 0. 879(**) 0. 733(**) 0. 804(**) 1 0. 985(**) 0. 935(**) C8 0. 820(**) 0. 876(**) 0. 733(**) 0. 878(**) 0. 764(**) 0. 829(**) 0. 985(**) 1 0. 946(**) C 0. 938(**) 0. 965(**) 0. 898(**) . 956(**) 0. 917(**) 0. 961(**) 0. 935(**) 0. 946(**) 1 ** Correlation is substantial at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). processes of production and business was positive and equal to 0. 946. Based on this finding, we tried to determine the reason for this relationship. For this aim, we considered all the factors of each perspective and we evaluated these detailed relationship. Interrelation between factors of p rocess perspective and financial 12528 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. Table 7. The relationship between main perspectives. L P C F L 1 0. 967(**) 0. 888(**) 0. 950(**) P 0. 967(**) 1 0. 824(**) 0. 946(**) C 0. 888(**) 0. 824(**) 0. 771(**) F 0. 950(**) 0. 946(**) 0. 771(**) 1 ** Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). Table 8. The relationship between each factor of one perspective with the next perspective. Relationship between factors of learning perspective and three other perspectives Learning factor branch Customer Financial ** ** ** L1 0. 971 0. 793 0. 968 ** ** L2 0. 854 0. 967 0. 827** ** ** L3 0. 921 0. 916 0. 911** ** ** L4 0. 951 0. 917 0. 914** ** ** L5 0. 910 0. 793 0. 929** ** ** L6 0. 984 0. 852 0. 944** ** ** L7 0. 977 0. 884 0. 945** L8 0. 947** 0. 843** 0. 932** Relation potently trustworthy Moderately accepted strongly accepted Strongly accepted Moderately accepted Strongly accepted Strongly accepted Strongly accepted Relationship between factors of pro cess perspective and three other perspectives movement factor Learning Customer Financial Relation P1 0. 880** 0. 740** 0. 889** Direct relationship P2 0. 940** 0. 964** 0. 849** Strongly accepted P3 0. 687** 0. 547** 0. 729** Direct relationship P4 0. 869** 0. 968** 0. 765** Strongly accepted ** ** P5 0. 934 0. 817 0. 888** Direct relationship P6 0. 960** 0. 752** 0. 936** Direct relationship Relationship between factors of customer perspective and three other perspectives Customer FactorLearning Process Financial Relation C1 0. 753** 0. 711** 0. 822** Strongly accepted C2 0. 821** 0. 775** 0. 696** Not accepted C3 0. 656** 0. 579** 0. 803** Strongly accepted ** ** C4 0. 506 0. 525 0. 677** Strongly accepted C5 0. 628** 0. 664** 0. 531** Not accepted C6 0. 748** 0. 663** 0. 600** Not accepted ** ** C7 0. 957 0. 936 0. 961** Strongly accepted C8 0. 921** 0. 923** 0. 937** Strongly accepted perspective as a whole was the greatest level of interrelation between financial and non-fina ncial factors. As it was earlier demonstrated, there is a strong direct relationship between business process perspective and inancial perspective. This relationship has not been declared as a direct relation in Kaplan and Norton Model whilst its more abbreviation will be useful regarding its high occurrence rate, factors p1, p3, p5, p6 are the main reason for such strong correlation between business processes perspective and financial perspective. It shows that although, according the model, the relations are series like and bottom-up, there are other relations amongst perspectives as well which must be considered. More detailed analysis of such relations may be posed as the following P1 high correlation with the financial perspectiveEffective dispatching of orders (in terms of price, specifications and delivery time) with financial perspective given the status quo of the company, relation of this factor with financial perspective is so that more Mahdieh and Pedram 12529 Figure 3 . The relationship between four perspectives in BSC. Figure 4. The relationship between main perspectives factors. attention to this factor will lead to faster wages by the customer and hence improvement of financial status of the company. market with financial perspective this factor relates to R and D field. And regarding its high importance for the ustomer, it will result in faster payment and also will create direct relationship with financial perspective. P3 high correlation with the financial perspective Degree of cooperation with distribution channels, with financial perspective this factor affects on p1 factor and improves the performance in terms of financial perspective. P5 high correlation with the financial perspective Speed of adopting innovations not yet introduced in the P6 high correlation with the financial perspective Rate of supporting the groundwork for establishment of a process-based organization with financial because of its elation with activity based cost ( ABC) method, it has found relationship with processes and processes separation topics. Considering such direct relations between these two perspectives and their definitions, it can be concluded 12530 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. that although the offered relations in this model are verified in this case, all relations have not been considered in BSC model. Thus, consideration of all of these relations is essential to achieve the strategical goals of the company. Research limitations and suggestion for further Factors introduced in each perspective were general. In utomotive parts manufacturing section, we needed to have interviews with managers and decision makers to determine rates of these factors. During analysis of relationship among different perspectives, a direct relation was attained between customer perspective and learning and growth perspective which may be analyzed precisely in the coming studies. REFERENCES Aidemark LG (2001). The meaning of balanced scorecards in the health care organization. Financ. Account. Manage. , 17(1) 23-40. Atkinson AA, Balakrishnan R, Booth P, Cote JM, Groot T, Malmi T, Roberts H, Uliana E, Wu A (1997). New Directions In Management Accounting Research, J.Manage. Account. Res. , 9 79-108. Bourguignon A, Malleret V, Norreklit H (2004). The American balanced scorecard versus the French tableau de Bord the ideological dimension. Manage. Account. Res. , 15 107-34. De Haas M, Kleingeld A (1999). Multilevel design of performance measurement systems enhancing Strategic dialogue throughout the organization. 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Demographic Winter and Its Effects on the Society Essay

Concept account Final Draft demographic wintertimetime and Its Effect on orderFor years, people work in mind that the argonas people has been increase annually. While it is true that a daily increment of 215,060 and yearly growth of 1.10% is happening on our valet tribe of 7,174,592,903 (United Nations, plane section of sparingal and Social Affairs race Division, tribe Estimates, and Projections Sections), the demographic tr final st days is rattling changing in contrast to the beliefs of many. Historical events that occurred in the past, curiously the human being Wars, have paved the way for the eradication of a large specify of mankind, simply it too resulted to universe explosion. The Baby arrest, a demographic phenomenon in Western countries, rose to fame wherein rapid growth in cosmos was enter around 1960s.This is usually ascribed within certain geographical bounds and when the outlet of annual suffers exceeds 2 per 100 women (or approximately 2% of the total population size) (Wikimedia Foudation, Inc). As the paper progresses, such belief al emit be be as a myth these days. In 1968, Stanford University Professor Paul R. Ehrlich published the disputed book, The Population Bomb which warned of the mass starvation of humans in the 1970s and 1980s due to overpopulation. People grew scargond of the idea of a population explosion and its detrimental effects to society. As they acquired the paradigm that babies are burden, a fashion not to be sexually active any longer in Western countries was created. This, in turn, resulted to a new demographic event cal direct by demographers as Demographic Winter. Demographic winter is a globular phenomenon characterized by population decline in give up treads. The term thermonuclear winter, popularized in the 1980s, alluded to the catastrophic environmental impact of a nuclear war.The long-run consequences of demographic winter could be equally devastating (Feder). The total fullne ss drift, the expected number of kidskinren born per woman in her child-bearing years of 2.1, is express to be the point of equilibrium in which a res publicas population is neither growing nor decreasing. Essentially, a woman must interchange herself and a man. This TFR is important because this only shows that an aver fester woman is suitable to experience2.1 children during her life-timetime which is needed because around children die before maturity and besides to stabilize the number of the population. (Fluctuating birth rate The Baby Boom and the Baby Bust). When the add up Fertility Rate of a State is 2.1 births per woman who has reached the end of her amentiferous life (that is around 50 years old), the Net Production Rate is 1, that is to say, the state has reach population age perceptual constancy.When it is not, or is less than the farmings previous TFR, the nation undergoes the phenomenon called demographic winter. (Fluctuating Fertility The Baby Boom and t he Baby Bust). Although demographic winter is a world-wide incident, geography and the countrys frugal status are underlying factors that contributed to what extent and to which nations such an event would occur. Demographic winter is currently to a greater extent evident in create countries such as in Europe, Australia, East Asia (japan) and North the States (U.S.), whose populations were the first to mature. Maturity here is defined as the average age of the population relative to the economic increase of society. These countries also suffered the worst depopulation during the introduction Wars and experienced rapid population growth after (Yew). We shall focus more(prenominal) on these countries as we elabo appraise the concept of demographic winter for the cases which give be menti aced youthfulr applies more to their population trends. Of the 10 countries with the depletedest birth pastures, 9 are in Europe.Overall, the European affluence grade is 1.3, come up bel ow deputy level (2.1). No European nation has a subment-level birth rate. Italys fertility rate is 1.2. Spains is 1.1 (Feder). That means, in the not-too-distant future, these countries provide lose half(prenominal)(a) of their people in every generation. Russias birth rate shed from 2.4 in 1990 to 1.17 today a decline of more than 50% in less than 20 years. Each year, there are more abortions than live births in the Russian Federation (Demographic Winter). In U.S. alone, Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is al near 3.5 in the early 1960s, then began declining precipitously to below 3.0 in 1965, to about 2.5 (and temporarily holding steady) in the new-made 1960s, and down to about 1.8 by the mid-1970s. Hence, the TFR fell by almost half between the early 1960s and the mid-1970s. After a decade of stability at a level of about 1.8, the total fertility rate rose slowly after 1986, reaching 2.08 in 1990. It presently stands at a little over 2, just slightly below the replacement le vel of 2.11 (Fluctuating Fertility The Baby Boom and the Baby Bust).Japans TFR has continued to fall since dropping below 2.0 in 1975. It slumped to an all-time low of 1.26 in 2005. The number of babies born in the nation in 2012 fell by 13,705 from the previous year to hit a new low of 1,037,101 (Durden). With such data on hand, we now ask what are the factors that led to demographic winter? According to the documentary film Demographic Winter a Decline of the Human Family, fertility decline is caused by (1) economic prosperity, (2) sexual revolution, (3) women in the labour force, (4) Divorce revolution, and (5) inaccurate assumptions. As essential countries continue to rise in their economic status, a paradigm prison-breaking among members of the labour force occurs. Previously, babies are considered as blessings and investments by parents. Nowadays, they are viewed by parents as an added expense and burden to them. As ensamples of living in the urban areas of different countr ies continue to append, life becomes harder to sustain.An added mouth to feed is just something that bottom of the inningt be considered especially by realists. Richer countries emergency to invest and shake off their money on adults, the more affluent, whom they shtup use for further economic development than children. Sexual revolution is also eyed as a contributing factor wherein Feminism is evident. The number of women in their 20s who had a child in 2012 go downd by 16,200 from the previous year, dapple the number of births among women age from 35 to 39 and from 40 to 44 maturationd by a combined total of about 8,700. As more women are authorise and gain equal treatment in education and employment, they now select to join the labour force, the corporate gentlemans gentleman and pursue career paths than devoting themselves to family life. increase valuable time of working mothers constructed the mindset that they dont want children, they want jobs instead.The adver tise force participation rates among married women with children, particularly young children, have been steadily increasing since 1970. In 1985, nearly half of all women with children under age 18 were in the labor force, as compared with less than 40 percent in 1970 (Hayghe). Moreover, the declines in fertility rates, as well as declines in family size, increasing childlessness, and delayed childbearing have freed many women to pursue employment opportunities outside the home. Completed family size, for example, decreased from 2.4 children in 1970 to 1 .7 in 1984 among white women, and from 3.1 to 2.2 children among blacks (U.S. Department of Health And Human Services).With the increase of participation of women inthe labour force, an inverse reciprocal in the fertility rates is also observed. Along with sexual revolution and the greater sake of women on the labour force, disjoin revolution female genital organ be viewed as a related contributing factor to the decline of fertil ity rates. With more women gaining financial and kind capabilities in the society, marriage is now viewed as something skin-deep especially with the legalization of divorce in developed countries such as the United States. Not only has marriage been increasingly pushed to a late age, but once accomplished, marriages are more likely to end in divorce than at any previous time in History. Preston and McDonald (1979) estimated that although 16% of all marriages in the United States in 1915 ended in divorce, 36% of the 1964 marriages go away end that way. However, by 1988, the data were suggesting a levelling off at about 43% of marriages ending in divorce (Schoen and Weinick). The United States is surely not unique in experiencing an increase in divorce probabilities.William Goode, in his book realism Revolution and Family Patterns (1993), compiled data for Europe showing that throughout the said continent the percentage of marriages that will end in divorce virtually doubled betw een 1970 and the mid- 1980s. For example, in Germany in 1970 it is estimated that 16% of marriages would end in divorce, increasing to 30% in 1985. In France, the increase went from 12% to 31% during that same period of time. Australia has experienced similar trends (Weeks). With the said increase in the number of divorce cases, an inverse reciprocal for the fertility rate equals. Thus, divorce revolution is a cause of demographic winter. And lastly, the main culprit for all the causes of demographic winter is the inaccurate assumption made from the increasing population.As mentioned earlier in this paper, Stanford University professor Paul Ehrlichs controversial book The Population Bomb propagated the idea that the rapid increase in population will eventually lead to population explosion causation food shortage. Such occurrence according to him squeeze outnot be sustained by the global community. Malthusian Theory stating that human population grows exponentially while food pro duction grows at an arithmetic rate, made people including Ehrlich that such insustainability and shortage in resources is truly imminent. The predictions came true but not simply as Ehrlich perceived it. The effects are mainly unfelt in the developed world and food production grew exponentially at a rate higher than population growth inboth developed and development countries. Food per capita is the highest in history. During the greatest population-growth period in human history, food became cheaper and more abundant (prices dropped up to 70%). Population growth rates, on the other hand, significantly slowed down especially in the developed world (Erlich).The sad reality at present is this misconception tranquillize lingers on the thoughts of the meliorate ones. This now resulted to interference of government to population growth by creating and implementing policies that aims to decrease rates of population growth. Examples are Reproductive Health Act in U. S. and One-child p olicy in China and Singapore. The biggest impact on fertility from the oral contraceptive pill was from eliminating unwanted pregnancies by 70% of married woman (Demographic Winter The pertly frugal Reality). Secularization is also a factor that affects fertility rates. The anti-Christian, anti-family policy-making theory which can be rooted to the Marxist view of activists currently sweeping across most of Western civilisation has precipitated a culture of goal that is slowly but inexorably killing off the human family. Those who cerebrate about meaning of life have children. Those who dont, dont (Feder). We can therefore say that all aspects of innovationality work against family life and is in favour of singleness, having a small family, or opting to have no child at all. Add up to that none of these problems can be easily fixed. Its who we are and what weve become increasingly in these modern times.But the question here that remains is, if we are experiencing demographi c winter, wherefore is that population continues to grow? This now can be attributed to the Alternatives of developed countries to redress for their declining population which is immigration (esp. on Europe and Australia) (Demographic Winter The modernistic Economic Reality). Also, the issue of ageing population comes in. What we currently perceive is that death rate is less compared to before. Less people are born but also lesser die thus creating that aged population. Given the origin, definition and causes of demographic winter, let us now focus to its effects on society. This can now be classified into (1) biological, (2) political, and to the (3) economy. However, these can be inter-related. Research has shown that demographics can have a significant impact on countries stability, governance, economic development and the well-being of its people (Population Action International).As stated earlier, an ageing population is an issue that can be attributed tobiological effects o f demographic winter. In 1998, there was a 48-year lag between births and peak spending of those individuals. Japan is one of the countries to first experience demographic winter after the world war for they did not experience the Baby Bomb, unlike U.S. Developed countries will have this age trap or the said modern alter pyramid wherein number of grandparents is greater than the number of children. This is in contrast to the trend before wherein the number of children is greater than the grandparents. With this occurrence, the children will not be able to sufficiently take care of the old due to lack of number. Also, some countries might cease to experience. There are fifty-nine (59) nations, namely, Russia, China, Spain, Portugal, Canada, Italy, Germany, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong, (Central Inteligence Agency) with 44% of the worlds population that are now experiencing below-replacement birth rates. Worldwide, there are 6 gazillion fewer children (under age 6) today than there were in 1990. The United Nations estimates that if current trends continue, by 2050 there will be 248 million fewer children (under age 5) than there are now.Overall, Europes fertility rate is 1.3 a birth rate of 2.1 is needed just to replace current population. In this century, countries such as Italy, Spain, Russia and even France could cease to exist at least as theyre currently constituted. Demographer Philip Longman (author of The reverse Cradle How Falling Birth rates Threaten World Prosperity) observes The on-going global decline in human birth rates is the single most powerful force affecting the fate of nations and the future of society in the 21st century. Demographic winter is a great predictor of a countrys fate and future because children are essential for a countrys economic survival, Longman added. As Japans population has aged beyond 48 years old, its consumer spending has steadily declined. present now enters the effects to economy. Never in history is an ageing population able to develop a prosperous economy (Demographic Winter The New Economic Reality). Why? The ratio of young to old will stir dramatically and wreak havoc upon existing social security and healthcare systems.The economy at large may also suffer, as the old cease spending and a smaller generation of workers is crippled by the taxes needed to support their parents. The world this will bring about, according to the filmmakers, is new grandparents left untended and alone in the streets of Europe as intergenerational bonds areshattered the potential desolation of small countries such as Latvia, and a worldwide depression that will touch even those countries that dont disappear under the sheath of snow that the film shows blanketing the entire globe. (Joyce). So argues Harry S. Dent, Jr., an economist who specializes in demographic- undercoatd economic forecasting, and who predicts that the West will arrive Japans aging population bust. Politically, demographic winte r can be associated with the voting body. A political analysis said that political preference reveals that the metaphorical eggs of Republicans rest entirely in one basket the votes of older white people. According to the exit polls conducted by the New York Times of the 2012 presidential election, Republican nominee Mitt Romney win 59 percent of white voters, and 56 percent of voters over age 65. The intersection of those two areas is the demographic base of the Republican Party, and it is dying.Markos Moulitsas posited that conservatives endeavours to weaken the social safety net have made it harder for these seniors who comprise the Republican base to stay alive (Atkins). While some may still display and not accept the fact that such phenomenon is happening, it just happens, and will still continue despite of us shunning the thought of it. Demographic winter is no joke. Further neglect of the declining rates of population growth will soon not only affect political, biological, a nd economic aspects of society but may also jeopardize even the existence of mankind in the future. I value intellectual ace and the highest standards of academic conduct. I am committed to an ethical learning environment that promotes a high standard of honor in scholastic work. Academic dishonesty undermines institutional integrity and threatens the academic fabric of the University of the Philippines. And because I believe that dishonesty is not an pleasurable avenue to success, I affix my signature to this work to affirm that it is archetype and free of cheating and plagiarism, and does not knowingly furnish false information. ______________________________bloody shame Philline DescalzoWorks CitedAtkins, Dante. Daily Kos. 23 June 2013. Web. 29 high-minded 2013. . Central Inteligence Agency. The World Fact Book. n.d. Web. 12 September 2013. .Demographic Winter. n.d. 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