Greg Critser and Obesity Arguementative Essay

He believes that stigmatizing overeating in children will be a feasible solution to end the increasing epidemic of childhood obesity. However, Critser has several problems linked to his simple solution to a very complex problem. First, Critser doesn’t talk about the discrimination and the rude treatment that people struggling with obesity face. Second, he claims American families are to blame for this epidemic, but really parents are the ones who are held responsible for their children’s eating behaviors in the first place. Third, by enforcing children to avoid overeating will only cause mental problems associated with the tension and stress on when and how to eat their food. Fourth, parents should set an example on how they eat their food, because a child will act the same way as how they see their parents eating. Lastly, by stigmatizing the unhealthy behaviors due to obesity, in accordance to, trying not to stigmatize the person or people, really is stigmatizing the children who are suffering from being obese. There are many variables involved in the epidemic of childhood obesity that Critser does not recognize, for example the diseases or genetics that are involved with obesity. The feasible solution Critser argues might help in the short run with a decrease in childhood obesity, but in the long run his solution will not solve the overall epidemic to end childhood obesity. To begin with, Critser never mentions the discriminating effects and rude treatment that obese people deal with the minute they step out in society. Mary Ray Worley begins in her article â€Å"Fat and Happy: In Defense of Fat Acceptance† explaining what fat people go through day to day, and involved are all the emotions and feelings fat people go through when other people see them. If you’ve grown up in the twentieth-century American society, you probably believe that being fat is a serious personal, social, and medical liability. Many Americans would rather die or cut off a limb than be fat, many believe that fatness is a serious health risk, and many are convinced that is a simple matter to reduce one’s body size and are so offended by body fat that they believe it is acceptable to shun fat people and make them the butt of cruel jokes. Those who are fat quickly learn to be deeply ashamed of their bodies and spend their lives trying to become what they are not and hide what can’t be hidden. Our society believes that thinness signals self-discipline and self-respect, whereas fatness signals self-contempt and lack of resolve. 66) Worley goes into depth on some of the thoughts that are running through obese peoples’ mind when going out in society. This is including all adults and children. The discrimination that obese children suffer from is long lasting detrimental effects. These feelings and emotions that are developed as a child can play a vital role in one’s self-esteem along wit h their confidence and how they will conduct themselves day by day. Nowhere is the article Critser talks about the discrimination an obese person has to deal with. Critser would mention two things in his article that would affect the feelings of obese children and one of them was the feeling that obese children deal with is that â€Å"pressure causes tension† (1). The other thing was his solution he thinks that will end the epidemic of obesity, which was, to stigmatize the behavior of overeating while yet not to stigmatize the person engaged in the behavior. Critser was all wrong in thinking this would actually work around the world and not just the Westernized countries. In addition, Critser says, â€Å"No one should be stigmatized for being overweight. But stigmatizing the unhealthful behaviors that cause obesity would conform with what we know about effective health messages† (1). He then goes on to add a false analogy with the campaigns against unprotected sex and smoking. He first is wrong when trying to link obesity with smoking. The two problems are irrelevant to each other besides the fact that both are bad for your health. His focus on unprotected sex and homosexuals in one of his analogies takes offense to anyone who is bigoted, because heterosexuals and homosexuals are the same kind of people with different interests. People who are bigoted go onto discriminate them. That is a false analogy because what does unprotected sex and also homosexuals have to do with obesity in children. Next, Critser’s solution in ways of stigmatizing the unhealthy behaviors associated with obesity and overeating is not the overall solution to conquer this growing epidemic worldwide. The solution is one that may help slow down obesity, but his solution is such a simple solution to such a complex problem. There are many problems associated with obesity; along with there are many solutions to help conquer childhood obesity. Critser is wrong that society can stigmatize overeating without stigmatizing the person engaging in the behavior. â€Å"Food for thought: Children’s views on the psychological aspects of childhood obesity† in Educational and Child Psychology, Debbie Mansfield and Georgina Doutre discuss the â€Å"psychological aspects of childhood obesity† along with the â€Å"children’s views† and â€Å"how to protect obese children from stigmatizing effects† (23). Children are being stigmatized for being obese. The children are subject to â€Å"negative stereotyping and discrimination by their peers,† and â€Å"self-esteem issues, negative body image, depressive symptoms† (Braet, Calamaro and Waite, Hesketh, Koplan, Miller and Downey 24). This proves that Critser’s solution is not going to work. His solution won’t work because, when one is trying to stigmatize the behavior of overeating, then the person who is obese is also subject to the stigmatization. Furthermore, the parents also play a vital role when their child is obese. Children learn through what they see especially when they are at a young age. The â€Å"foot soldiers against obesity† is the American family and are needed to put their children on a â€Å"dietary restraint† to avoid â€Å"gluttony† (1). According to Critser, this saying that the American family is a problem to childhood obesity but later says parents aren’t to blame. Critser uses a strawman tactic saying pressure causes tension by Diamonds. This is true in a sense, but the way Critser uses this saying is that he leaves it at that. He says no more. He doesn’t mention anything else about pressure causing tension. He just quotes Diamonds and what they have to say. The tactic works well in his article, because this is true but it is not linked to his primary solution. â€Å"Childhood obesity could be related to the ignorance or denial of the negative consequences from an individual or family perspective† (Davidson and Birch 24). Critser may agree with this. â€Å"On the other hand, parental acceptance and lack of concern regarding weight issues can be a protective factor for the self-esteem of overweight children† (Stradmeijer 24). A study on obese children concluded that participants are â€Å"accepting attitudes and mpathy towards obese children,† obese children make their own choices over their own â€Å"destiny† (Mansfield and Doutre 27). There were also negative consequences linked to obesity. Being obese caused a lack of friends for children, more bullying occurred, limited to different sporting activities, and serious health consequences (Mansfield and Doutre 28). Parents can help their children in ways to avo id all these emotional consequences their obese children have to deal with along with the psychological effects it has. Mansfield and Doutre provide a table of children’s views of supportive mechanisms for obesity. Some parental discipline and encouragement could be for their children to stop lounging around and do more exercise and eat more fruits and veggies instead of snacks (Mansfield and Doutre 29). A few coping strategies would be to ignore it, their personal choice, and avoidance, accordance to that children think it’s not anybody else’s life to choose who you want to be and rather skinny or fat it is what you want to be (Mansfield and Doutre 29). Critser thinks that kids don’t know much, when really they seem to have an understanding and knowing about the problems associated with obesity. The school systems try to promote exercise to prevent obesity from occurring. It is healthy for children to make their own positive choices. Instead of stigmatizing the behavior of overeating, schools can provide a real good background to children. Moreover, Critser’s article shows weakness in some parts of the article. Critser included a Pennsylvania state university scholar Barbara Rolls that talked about a study she conducted. Her study noticed that the three years old children stopped eating when they were full no matter what the portion size was, but the five year old children devoured everything that was in front of them. Earlier in the article Critser stated that â€Å"kids don’t know when they are full† (1). Another weakness that Critser wrote was when he mocked the experts saying that kids have the right to make bad nutritional choices. This doesn’t have much support in his paper or evidence along with Critser is comparing two different eras. â€Å"Nutrition, Health, and Schoolchildren† written by Judy Butriss states alternative dietary suggestions whether it refers to healthy snacks to the decrease of food intake in a child. the dietary suggestions include; A balanced, varied diet for the whole family, avoiding grazing and TV snacks, healthy snacks (fruits) as alternatives to sweets, chocolate, biscuits, whole food that take time to eat, and grill or boil food instead of frying† (Butriss 294). Finally, in Critser’s article he uses loaded language and unfair argumentation with words like gluttony, foot soldiers, and infantry. Critser uses the term foot soldi ers in a way against obesity that we are pushing for obesity and not seem to care as much. In a way that foot soldiers can be like foot soldiers that just are taught to march and march and nothing else. Critser sounded bias with this term. He also uses the term infantry. Infantry is referring to the American family along with the term foot soldiers. The two terms go together and act as if the American family just keeps encouraging obesity rather than preventing it. This is unfair argumentation because this is not necessarily true. Critser is being bias in the terms he uses. The last piece of loaded language Critser uses is gluttony where he uses the term twice. The term gluttony can be defined as greedy or excessive indulgence, and many children with obesity are labeled as gluttonous. In the beginning of the essay Critser says, â€Å"needs to promulgate [. . . ] dietary restraint, something our ancestors knew simply as avoiding gluttony† (1). Critser says that no person should be stigmatized for being overweight, but his idea is to stigmatize the unhealthy behaviors associate with obesity (Critser 1). This is an unfair argumentation because Critser uses the inconsiderable word gluttony a few times and is also bias to the idea of anti-fat. This is a mistake by using the fully loaded word gluttony, because obese people have enough on their plate and don’t need any more judgments that obesity implies. In conclusion, Critser’s simple solution to such a complex problem is just not going to work. His claims that stigmatizing the behavior of overeating due to obesity, American families cause obesity, portion control and dietary restraint needs to be enforced, and even never to put a kid on a diet seems to not be supportive enough to back his simple solution. His loaded language use of gluttony causes a problem due to the judgmental attitude it implies. Instead, this causes the many social, physical and even economical problems to rise. When one is obese this does raise the thought of a shortened life span and risks to mental diseases, due to the seclusion, one may receive just for seeing themselves as obese. The parents and school teachers come up with ways children can cope a lot easier with being obese. For example, the ways of exercise, change the behavior in how a child will eat snacks (healthy alternatives), and the knowledge that obese children can gain without the loss of self-esteem and confidence. In the end of it all, Critser’s solution to stigmatize the behavior of overeating in a child is the complete reverse approach.

Csr of British American Tobacco Bangladesh

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of British American Tobacco Bangladesh (BATB) Prepared by: Sadia Zerin ID: 41119022 Department: Marketing Submitted to Dr. Tunajjina Mehzabin Assistant Professor Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka Date: 6/4/2011 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of British American Tobacco Bangladesh By Sadia Zerin ID: 41119022 has been approved April, 2011 Dr. Tunajjina Mehjabin Assistant Professor Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka 6th April, 2011 Tunajjina Mehjabin Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Madam I want to submit my business report on â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of British American Tobacco Bangladesh (BATB)†. I am submitting this report as a partial fulfillment of MKT 511(Organizational Behavior). This report is going to provide valuable information about the CSR activities of British American Tobacco Bangladesh. Therefore, I need your kind attention to assess my report considering the limitations of the study. Your kind suggestion will encourage me to perform better research work in future. Yours sincerely, Sadia Zerin ID# 41119022 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. 0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 2. 1 Objective of The Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 2. Limitations of The study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 2. 0 What is Corporate Social Responsibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 3. 3 Theories to Analyze and Explain Corporate Social Responsibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 3. 4. 1 Stakeholder Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 4. 2 Social Contracts Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 3. 4. 3 Legitimacy Theoryà ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 3. 4 Consumer Evaluation of CSR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 3. 0 Key Drivers of CSR in Bangladesh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 4. 0History of British American Tobacco Bangladesh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 4. 0 CSR Activities of BATB†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 5. 2 Social Reportingâ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 5. 3 Contribution to Environmental Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 5. 4. Afforestation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 5. 4. 2 Alternative to Wood Fuel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 5. 4. 3 Fertiliser†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 5. 4. 4 Soil Conservation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 5. 4. 5 Product Waste & Factory Emmision†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 5. 3 BAT CSR towards its Human Resource†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 22 DEVELOPME5. 3. 1 Providing Facilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦ 23 5. 3. 2 Motivating Employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 5. 3. 3 Removal of Barriers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 5. 3. 4 Reward System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 6. Tobacco Industry and Corporate Social Responsibility: An Inherent Contradiction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 26 7. 0 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 29 7. 1 Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 29 Executive Summary The sole intention of profit-seeking among org anisations has now been increasingly superseded by the need to acquire the favour of customers: both xisting and potential customers. Companies that intend to be at the top of their respective industries, or even survive, need the favour of the public. They could do this by presenting a positive image through marketing or they could touch a more profound aspect of their target market particularly those applicable to the morals and principles of the public. This need spawned what is termed as  corporate social responsibility  (CSR). Business organizations in Bangladesh are now widely involved in these CSR activities and British American Tobacco Bangladesh (BATB) is one of them. This report mainly investigates about the CSR activities of BATB and keeps an eye on its controversy. 1. 0 Introduction An enterprise’s usual main goal is to establish itself in the business world and reach the largest market possible. Shortly speaking, business is basically about money-making. Employing jobs is the most important benefit an enterprise gives that helps run the economy. The business industry is the main core of economy of a country. However, gaining profit should not only be the sole focus of a business. Founding an enterprise engages in larger social responsibility. Social responsibility involves everyone in the society, from individuals to groups and organizations. It is an ideology that citizens should not function as individual beings with selfish motives but instead contribute to the welfare of the society. In the business world, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a mechanism of self-regulation in which it continues to focus on gaining profit but ensuring the enterprise abides by the law, support ethical standards and consider international norms. In this case, businesses embrace the responsibility of its stakeholders, employees, consumers, communities and the environment. Essentially, corporate social responsibility deliberately includes the public interest into enterprise decision-making and voluntarily eliminates practices that harm the general public. However, critics debate that CSR distracts the fundamental economic role of businesses because considering public interest might decrease its contribution to the economy in financial terms. Considering public interest could confine the innovations and market of an enterprise, thus losing money. But nonetheless, the pressure applied on industry in improving ethical business processes has increased due to arising issues of 21st  century marketplaces. Regardless of many controversies, corporate social responsibility has definitely found its place in every establishment and British American Tobacco is one of the leading group companies that consider corporate social responsibility. Due to the nature of their product, tobacco companies face much criticism from many fronts, particularly the media and NGOs. This public criticism has meant tobacco companies strive to implement sound and commendable CSR principles, initiatives, and codes, often voluntarily reporting on their CSR or sustainability activities. Tobacco companies have also faced criticism regarding their lobbying practices since the 1950s and onwards. Engagement with stakeholders has demonstrated to BAT that its product causes harm to its users, and believes that a responsible tobacco company should take steps to reduce the level of harm as much as possible. British American Tobacco in particular has been widely lauded for its CSR and stakeholder engagement initiatives, while at the same time strongly censured and targeted by multiple NGO reports and in the press. 1. 1 Objective of The Study The main objective of the paper is to explore the running and existing CSR practices done by BAT. First, definition of CSR is analyzed from the economic perspective of business organization and consumer evaluation. Secondly, we focus on the key drivers of CSR in Bangladesh. Thirdly, we discuss about the history and its existing and running CSR activities of BATB. On the next section we focus on the controversy about the CSR activities of BAT. Finally , we conclude the paper with some recommendation. 1. 2 Limitations of The study The study was limited by a number of factors. Firstly, the study was confined only to Bangladesh. Secondly, I wanted to include some other information like impact of CSR towards the overall performance of BATB, the overall cost of CSR inside the organization etc but I didn’t get supporting information in the internet. Finally, time constraint led to get narrower outcomes, and finally the knowledge constraint of time constraint led to get narrower outcomes. 2. What is Corporate Social Responsibility? Theorists are increasingly covering a wide range of issues such as workplace, marketplace, environment, community, ethics, and human rights on the area of CSR. Though there are hundreds of studies examining CSR, researchers still lack of agreement on a precise definition about it. For defining CSR, they have used several factors, theories, and perception about it. Economic perspective of organizations is one of the most important determinants of their CSR. Those who adopt neoclassical view believe that doing good to society is not the purpose of business (Friedman, 1962). They concentrate mainly on profit maximization and consider only payment of taxes and provision of employees as CSR. There are other organizations that find this neoclassical view quite non-normative and adopt a moral approach linked to social expectation (Holmes, 1976). In addition to profit making, they are involved in CSR for their moral obligation to society. They take a view that because business has resources and skills it should help to solve problems of society. Other than these two approaches, there is another broad strand named enlightened self-interest (CCPA, 2000). The adapter of this approach find that by attaining a enhanced social role an organization can get business benefit, long term business sustainability and maintain support of its community. But it leaves a controversy whether this approach is motivated by only profit motive as it was in neoclassical approach or there underlies any moral or ethical imperative. . 1 Theories to Analyze and Explain Corporate Social Responsibility. 2. 1. 1 Stakeholder theory A fundamental question often arises about CSR that â€Å"socially responsible to whom†. To answer this question, Freeman argued that business relationships should include all those who may â€Å"affect or be affected by† a corporation. Much of the research in stakeholder theory has sought to systematically address the question of which stakeholders deserve or require management attention (Freeman, 1984, p. 46). Approaches to this question have focused on relationships between organizations and stakeholders based on exchange transactions, power dependencies, legitimacy claims, or other claims. Researchers have attempted to integrate stakeholder theory with other managerial perspectives, particularly theories of governance and agency. In this theory, stakeholders are typically analyzed into primary group (including shareholders, investors, employees, customers, suppliers) and secondary groups (who influence or are influenced by the corporation, but they are not engaged in transactions with the corporation). . 1. 2 Social Contracts Theory Donaldson and Dunfee’s social contracts theory provides a realistic and balanced approach to ethical decision-making that requires managers to consider firms’ ethical obligations to respect local community norms without violating universal moral principles. Hence companies who adopt a view of social contracts would describe their involvement as part of â€Å"social expectation†. 2. 1. 3 Legitimacy Theory Legitimacy theory asserts that organizations continually seek to ensure that they operate within the bounds and norms of their respective societies, that is, they attempt to ensure that their activities are perceived by outside parties as being â€Å"legitimate† (Suchman, 1995). These bounds and norms are not considered to be fixed, but rather, change over time, thereby requiring the organization to be responsive to the environment in which they operate. 2. 2 Consumer Evaluation of CSR Consumer evaluation of CSR differs from country and culture (Clarkson, 1995). CSR usually exchanges consumer support approval in return. After reviewing the research of Todd Green and Fohn Peloza the consumer responses found are: * Consumer responses to CSR depend on how CSR is manifested. For example, cause related marketing (donating a percentage of sales) is less effective than unrestricted cash donations at countering negative news about firm. One other hand, consumers are more likely to support firms that engage in cause related marketing when compared to the firm involvement in advocacy advertising (encouraging customers to support a given social issue with no overt request to purchase from the firm). Customers evaluate CSR of a firm according to their own interest, morals, and priorities. For example, a consumer may not support McDonalds because of their work with McDonalds Children’s Charities, but they will be highly motivated because of the healthy products it now offers in its menu. * Social performance of a firm is about the evaluation of actions, and not the actions themselves. For example, a quest ion often arises whether Wal-Mart be considered a responsible company for providing consumers with low-priced goods or an irresponsible one for paying its employee low wages. 3. Key Drivers of CSR in Bangladesh The current agenda for CSR in Bangladesh is driven by three factors, of which the main impetus for change is an increasing scrutiny of the local practices of subsidiaries of MNCs. The continuing incidents of pollution, exploitation, and increasing local appreciation and buy-in to world-class CR closely underpin the case for change to a wider adoption of CSR practices. The increased social consciousness of western consumers, brought about through high-profile cases of corporate exploitation, has been a strong impetus for companies to focus on CSR practices. This has placed pressure on local subsidiaries of international MNCs to be held accountable and responsible. One sector where this is increasingly evident is the garment sector in Bangladesh. Here companies tend to perform better on CSR practices relative to other sectors, due to increased scrutiny and standard setting by their parent companies (Mortier,2003). In Bangladesh, the ability to hold companies accountable has also been facilitated to some extent, by the significant growth in the number of local NGOs (non-governmental organizations). In 1970, it was estimated that there were around 40 NGOs operating in Bangladesh. By 1999, the figure was estimated at 22 000, of which around 150 are of foreign origin . In Bangladesh, as elsewhere in the world, out of the trend towards privatization and market liberalization policies, a discourse has emerged on the imperative for business to take up wider social responsibilities, which would both complement the role of the state and fill in the space created through possible retreat of the state. An example of this is the HIV/ AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) initiative kicked off in 1998 by FICCI (Foreign Investors’ Chamber of Commerce and Industry) in Bangladesh and UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS), so as to form a business coalition on AIDS in the country (Matin 2002). The imperative for CSR is also the continuing evidence of issues and incidents relating to the wasteful use of scarce resources and pollution caused by industries, as well as by consumers in Bangladesh. Some examples of these include the struggle between shrimp farmers and rice growers over land usage, the deforestation of the Chittagong hill tracts due to gas and oil prospecting, and the pollution of the Gulshan-Baridhara lake in Dhaka from the dumping of industrial waste from the Tejgaon, Badda, and Mohakhali industrial areas. These incidents have been reported in the international press as well as on international business and human rights websites, and have resulted in greater international and local demands for CSR practices. Local and global resistance to corporate irresponsibility has resulted in community campaigns in the case of shrimp farming in Bangladesh, as well as quality pressures from European Union health regulators and consumer boycotts in Europe. Together, these local and global pressures have helped shape the CR agenda in Bangladesh. The drive for improved CR is evident in certain sectors through a new generation of business leaders, keen to develop new skills and new business practices that encompass thinking about a ‘triple bottom line’. For example, a local company in the textile industry – Beximco Textiles – is part of a leading industrial corporation and a Greenfield technology partnership. It has achieved global competence in environmental and technological standards through integrating sustainability into innovation and corporate strategy. It has also successfully demonstrated the market benefits of vertical integration. Beximco is now leading the efforts of the Bangladesh Textile and Mills Association at establishing a homegrown code of conduct, comparable to international standards. . History of British American Tobacco Bangladesh British American Tobacco Bangladesh Company Limited is a subsidiary of British American Tobacco and is one of the 68 countries in which BAT has Manufacturing plants. It is one of the oldest and largest multinational companies operating in Bangladesh. BATB started its journey as Imperial Tobacco Company Limited in the undivided India in 1910. After the partition of India , Pakistan Tobacco Company (PTC) was established in 1949 to meet the demand for cigarettes of whole of Pakistan. The monthly volume of sales in the former East Pakistan soon reached 40 million. The population of Dhaka was that time a mere . 25 million. All the local cigarettes including Capstan, Wills, Scissors, Passing show, Berkley and Tiger were manufactured in Mouripur Factory of Karachi in West Pakistan and were sent to Bangladesh and sold there. The East Pakistan became embroiled in the struggle for achieving full Provincial Autonomy in 1970 and this eventually lead to the civil war and emergence of independent Bangladesh on 16th in December, 1971. After Bangladesh came into being, all properties of Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited (PTC) were declared as â€Å" abandoned property† because the owners were citizens of a state which was engaged in war with Bangladesh after 25th March, 1971 and the ownership of the Company vested in the Government under the Bangladesh Abandoned Property (Control Management and Disposal) Order,1972 (known as P. O. 16). The new infant Government allowed the local and the expatriate British Management of the former PTC to continue to operate the Company and the reconstitution process was set in motion in 1972 by BAT. The Marketing Department afterwards became no more than an allotment centre. Its role became limited to the allotment of whatever cigarettes that could be produced in the two Cigarettes Factories, to the Distributors. There was an acute shortage of skilled man power (the skilled employees had left for Pakistan), tobacco, Wrapping materials, spare parts and foreign currency. All these except the foreign currency used to come from West Pakistan. After independence of Bangladesh, import of hand-made biris and ‘Tendu` leaves as wrapppers for locally made biris, were allowed from India and low-priced paper wrapped cigarettes rapidly lost both grounds and the volume to biris due largely to economic hardship, scarcity of cigarettes-for want of tobacco, wrapping materials and spare parts for the running of the Mollins Mark V makers and the M 2 and the Duplex packers. The sales volume came down to 550 million per month in 1972-73 from its early peak of 1,200 million of an year ago. As the Company fell into great crisis of foreign exchange along with management and technical support,the Company was compelled to develop its own resources particularly the raw inputs. The proposed name of the company to be incorporated in Bangladesh to succeed PTC, was Tobacco Company Limited (TC) and the Company operated under this name till 2. 2. 1972. TC sought permission from the Ministry of Finance on 28 December, 1971 and the Ministry of Industries (the Ministry) on 30 December,1971 for permission to operate the bank accounts which were in the name of Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited (PTC). The majority shareholders of British American Tobacco Company Limited of former PTC proposed to the Government, on24 January 1972, that BAT be allowed to reconstitute Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited as a joint venture company. The UK shareholders will have 2/3rd interest and the Government a 1/3rd interest in the Company. The business, assets, liabilities of the former PCT will be vested in BTC(Bangladesh Tobacco Company)  by authority of the Government. On 25. 1. 72 the proposal was granted. The Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited (BTC) was incorporated on 2. . 1972 as a private limited company with only three shareholders of Tk. 10. 00 each-2 from BAT and 1 from the Govt. On receipt of the Ministry of Industries ’letter dated 11th October,1973 vesting the right of the assets of the former Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited located in Bangladesh into Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited and the Directors capitalized those assets to the extent of Tk. 4,49,99,970 which added to Tk 30 capital already subscribed, amounted to Tk. 4,50,00,000. The first AGM was held on 27th August, 1974 in Motijheel. As BTC has always been a part of BAT and over the years BTC has proved to be the perfect representative of BAT by manufacturing and marketing quality brands of cigarettes which met the standards of BAT. In recognition to its commitment towards BAT and the important role it played on BAT group, BTC was later named as British American Tobacco Bangladesh Company Limited (BATB). 5. CSR Activities of BATB British American Tobacco Bangladesh has always taken seriously its wider role as a corporate citizen. The company is committed to building constructive partnerships for change, listening to our stakeholders to try and understand their expectations, and defining and demonstrating responsible behaviour. It is the single largest revenue generator in the private sector, generating some Tk. 1,700 crores in the 2002/03 fiscal year in supplementary duty and VAT for the government. Through various initiatives and projects, it is also involved in improving the environment, supporting community development programmes, promoting arts and culture,and assisting with primary health care and disaster relief. Here's a glimpse of some of our key activities. 5. 1 Social Reporting British American Tobacco Bangladesh is committed to continuous improvement. Its approach to Social Reporting recognises that running a business is not just about profits. Social Reporting aims to strike a balance between meeting stakeholders' reasonable expectations and running a successful business The company has established a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Steering Group chaired by the Managing Director and consisting of the Deputy Managing Director and all function heads. It is responsible for the review of stakeholder feedback, the development of responses, the integration of CSR principles into its business activities, and overseeing British American Tobacco Bangladesh follows the accepted standard for Social Reporting (AA1000), developed and regulated by the Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility (also known as AccountAbility). This standard allows users to embed the social accounting, auditing and reporting procedures into current management systems. The essence of this standard includes: * Putting stakeholder dialogue at the centre of our approach; * Embedding the approach, while engaging in dialogue and producing regular reports; * Following both the AA1000 and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework; * Being measured against the AA1000 Standard through a highly rigorous external verification. This Social Report focuses mainly on issues raised in the the preparation of the Social Report. stakeholder dialogue sessions. It also provides overviews on a number of other key and relevant topics. 5. Contribution to Environmental Management Stakeholders are expressing their concern regarding the impact that tobacco cultivation has on the environment. While afforestation programme by British American Tobacco Bangladesh was commended, some stakeholders felt that the company was also contributing to deforestation, as wood cut down for tobacco curing by farmers could become timber in the future. They also expressed their concern re garding the soil fertility issue due to tobacco cultivation. Stakeholders mentioned that British American Tobacco Bangladesh should make more meaningful contributions to environmental management. Each stage in the production, distribution and consumption of tobacco products has environmental implications. British American Tobacco companies are in a position to influence directly some of the environmental impacts occurring during the product life cycle. Its aim is to minimise or eliminate these impacts to reduce our burden on the environment. Wherever it cannot directly manage impacts, it seeks actively to encourage best practices amongst suppliers, clients and consumers. Since almost all the raw materials used for the production of cigarettes are based on goods from the natural environment, such as tobacco, paper and board. British American Tobacco has committed itself to attaining world class standards of environmental performance. In line with this approach, British American Tobacco Bangladesh already focusing on reducing wastes,promoting recycling, reducing water consumption, using raw materials efficiently, improving soil's nutrient composition, introducing alternatives to agricultural chemicals and wood fuels in tobacco growing, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and limiting atmospheric emissions. 5. 2. 1 Afforestation British American Tobacco Bangladesh started the country's largest private afforestation programme in 1980 and distribute more than 3. million saplings annually. Until now, it has contributed over 6. 35 crore saplings of different varieties countrywide. Most of these are located in the tobacco growing areas of Kushtia, Rangpur, Manikganj and Chittagong including the developing areas of Lama and Alikadam in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. It has been given recognition by the government for its well managed afforestation programme. The recognition came through the Prime Minister's award given to us in 1993, 1999 and 2002 for its contributions to the country's afforestation programme. In 2008 the company received the award for the tree plantation initiative in Shah Amanat International Airport in Chittagong. The company also received awards in four other occasions as national recognition for contribution in tree plantation. It also received several awards from the local government bodies for participating in tree fairs at districts levels. British American Tobacco Bangladesh is one of the four operating companies in the British American Tobacco group, chosen under the global initiative of BAT Biodiversity Partnership, to formulate a local biodiversity strategy and to implement a portfolio of conservation activities. The principal aim of this ‘global thinking, local implementation' is to develop a replicable model for corporate biodiversity conservation based on ‘best practice' examples derived from the pilot initiatives undertaken by these four operating companies of British American Tobacco. 5. 2. 2 Alternatives to Wood Fuel BATB meets 70% of its wood fuel requirements through alternatives like paddy straw, sugar cane bagasse, jute sticks, dhoncha sticks, mustard stalk, etc. It encourages all its 14,000 registered tobacco growers to use alternate fuel sources in tobacco curing. It seeks to ensure efficient and sustainable use of wood fuel as far as practicable. 5. 2. 3 Fertiliser BATB uses potassium sulphate which is recommended by Bangladesh Agriculture Research Council (BARC). It also recommends balanced use of fertilisers in the cultivation process. Fertilisers in Bangladesh are produced and imported by the government and price is fixed by the government. BATB buys the best available non-adulterated fertilisers from the government in bulk and supply at cost price to our farmers on a no-interest deferred payment basis. This ensures availability of fertilisers locally at affordable prices. In the growing areas, it provides instructions on how organic waste of the homestead can be converted to compost in pits. Farmers are finding this low cost alternative very useful. 5. 2. 4Soil Conservation BATB does not believe tobacco growing causes any imbalance in soil fertility. Tobacco growing itself leads to crop rotation and residual fertilisers, which actually improves soil fertility. This is evidenced by the increased yield over the years for both tobacco and other crops. However, it conducts soil quality tests in the tobacco growing areas from time to time to determine the soil fertility status. Tobacco growing in the country has been going on for the last 30 years and there is no indication of loss in soil fertility in the growing areas. Another evidence of this is that farmers do grow other crops in tobacco growing areas. It tries to ensure that soil fertility issues are properly addressed within the existing cropping pattern. Its recommendation for crop rotation is: tobacco – green manuring – paddy/jute – paddy. Farmers are regularly trained on the use of balanced fertilisers. BATB’s farmers have already taken up soil fertility programme i. e. green manuring and compost making and these will be further developed in the future. Research on producing organic herbicide using tobacco is going on in the developed world. Once any success is achieved, BATB will pilot it to see the impact on its crops. 5. 2. 5 Product Waste and Factory Emission The tobacco curing barns are generally 10 to 12 feet high with the chimney about another two feet higher. Hence, any smoke residue from the wood-fuel burning is emitted high in the air at about 12-14 feet. The residual ashes are used as fertilisers. Every year BATB obtain a clearance certificate from the Department of Environment (DOE). This certification testifies that we are abiding by all environmental laws and regulations relevant to our operations. Recently a study was conducted jointly by DOE, Cantonment Board, DOHS and scientists from Dhaka University. No evidence of any significant environmental impact on the immediate neighbourhood of our cigarette factory was reported. However, recommendations made on making further improvements are being currently implemented. BATB have a global policy on Environmental Health & Safety (EH&S) practices that aims at achieving a high level of EH&S standards. The standards include the issue of waste management in our Green Leaf Threshing plant and Dhaka factory. A bio-filter plant was set up in 1996 at a cost of Tk 6 crore to reduce the impact of tobacco smell and residue from our Dhaka Factory. This is the only one of its kind in Bangladesh for any industry and is recommended by the DOE as best practice in connection with environmental pollution control. 5. 3 BAT CSR towards its Human Resource British American Tobacco Bangladesh continues to play a significant role in human resource development of the country. It offers world class human resource development trainings for our employees. In 2002 alone approximately 650 of its management and non-management employees attended 30 managerial and 156 technical training programmes on a wide variety of disciplines. As a result many of its managers are employed in BAT group companies in different parts of the world while many former managers are holding top positions in other reputed companies of Bangladesh. It also provides training programmes to people outside its company. For example: * It offers a 12-week internship programme for students of leading business schools in Bangladesh and * Our Managers offer lectures on various management topics in different business schools * It provides marketing skills development programme for BRAC * It runs management development programmes which are attended by managers of other business houses * While we will explore the opportunity for exporting cigarettes, we are committed to satisfy the demands of our consumers in the domestic market. If British American Tobacco Bangladesh withdrew from the cigarette business the demand for cigarettes would not disappear; it would simply be satisfied by other manufacturers. * Since 2004, BAT Bangladesh has recruited 37 talented managers from various leading universities through Battle of Minds. Thus, participants of this competition might get the added advantage to become a part of BAT Bangladesh! This is an exciting opportunity for young people to bring their difference and show the world what you are made of. Battle of Minds is one of the most prestigious inter university competition in the country. British American Tobacco Bangladesh has been organizing this event since 2004 with an aim to develop the students into future leaders. Over the years, the competition has evolved to include contemporary issues to provide a platform for talented individuals to display entrepreneurial acumen. Battle of Minds thus enables potential graduates to prepare for the extremely competitive job market. OUR ROLE AS A DEVELOPMEN5. 3. 1 Providing Facilities To develop the most vital element of the organization which is the human resource, BATB has put in a lot of efforts in responding to various changes and problems through effective formulation and implementation of human resource strategies through the HR department. It gives attractive facilities to its employees such as * PF Loan * Retirement benefits * Workers' canteen * Dispensary and medical treatment. * Scholarship for employees children. * Uniform. * Benevolent fund. * Long service awards 5. 3. 2 Motivating Employees There are certain guiding principles that center around the corporate principles of the company. The core asset of the company is a result of the four philosophies that the company adheres to in every management aspect of the organization * Open Minded: It encourages within the organization to be able to maintain an environment where the managers can have open-minded approach to various strategic decision-makings. * Enterprising Spirit : The core asset of the organization will come from the enterprising spirit embedded in the minds of the managers, resulting from effective strategies. * Freedom through Responsibility: Managers at all levels work with freedom of responsibility in their areas of functioning. Strength from Diversity: The Company derives its drive for effective attainment of goals from the strength of Diversity. BATB also motivate its employees through * Bridging the gap between top level and lower level management * Strive for excellent management practice * From recruitment to selection and also from employee welfare to industrial relations, this department has to play an important role. * Recruiting the right parson for the right job. * Training and Development * Fighting employee’s obsolescence. * Assist operating managers to identify employee's training need. Assist the Training managers to design and implement training programs. * To carry out general skill development program. * Management training on Industrial Relations. * Monitor on the job training and training offered by the training programs. * They try to create and maintain a communication channel between the management and the employees independent of union influence. * Employee briefing session. * Quality circle meeting. * Direct written Communique. * Discussion with the union. * Annual report booklet for the employees. * Training and motivation session * Open forum. Employment of security staffs. 5. 3. 3 Removal of Barriers Barriers, both physical and mental, were hindering the progress of the company. Company started removing barriers from early 1999. All offices were brought into a single location and all offices were made open. Managers and employees started using the same dining facility and the same uniform. Managing Director initiated Skip Level meeting with all levels of employees where issues are discussed openly. A Family Day was arranged where all members of the organisation participated along with their family members and enjoyed throughout the day. . 3. 4 Reward System BATB has introduced new Reward and Recognition system throughout the company to motivate the employees. Any employee, doing something extraordinary, is being selected as Champion for a specific month. As a result, people are opening up and trying to grab the title. This has generated a positive competition among the employees. Winning in Our World BATB has very good corporate reputation for excellent management practices base on Trust, Commitment and Achievement, which is the main driver to develop WOW (Winning in Our World) culture throughout the organisation. The WOW values are clearly defined and employees, management & Union all are continuously striving to achieve these values. 6. Tobacco Industry and Corporate Social Responsibility: An Inherent Contradiction One area where BATB invests publicity efforts to improve its corporate image is the development and promotion of ineffective youth smoking prevention programmes. While these programmes are created to appear to dissuade or prevent young people from smoking, in fact the effect is often the contrary. By portraying smoking as an adult activity, these programmes increase the appeal of cigarettes for adolescents. Proposed measures that involve proof of age for purchase at the counter are ultimately ineffective, as young people easily circumvent these restrictions. Tactically, these programmes serve the purpose of creating the appearance that tobacco companies are proposing solutions for the problems they create. In reality, they detract attention from proven, effective solutions—including price and tax increases—to which young people are particularly sensitive. Tobacco companies vigorously oppose price and tax increases(Mortier ,2003) Perhaps most remarkable, and most cynical, are those BATB-sponsored programmes that aspire to public health goals. For instance, BATB extended their support to Shandhani Andhatyamochan (Blindness Relief) Lottery organized by Shandhani National Eye Donation Society by purchasing a large quantity of lottery tickets and making a donation to the Shandhani National Eye Donation Society, handing over a cheque at a public ceremony held the BAT factory in Dhaka. No mention was made of the link between smoking and cataracts, a major cause of blindness. The same factory was the venue for an occupational health workshop for students of Bangladesh University. BAT Bangladesh Managing Director said upon accepting an award from the Bangladesh Scout Guide and Fellowship, â€Å"BAT is deeply committed to the development of the country and will nourish the company’s core value: Success and Responsibility go Together through contributions in different sectors of country’s socio economic development. This report and these tobacco industry programs that seek to contribute to a greater social good urge the question: how can tobacco companies reconcile their main aim, to gain a maximum profit by producing and selling a deadly product, with the goals of CSR: business norms, based on ethical values and respect for employees, consumers, communities and the environment? Although BATB has given special priority to protection of forests to face the climate change phenomena, about 30 per cent of deforestation in the country has occurred due to tobacco manufacturing, according to an expert, reports UNB. Smoking also results in costs associated with fire damage and damage to the environment from the manufacturing and packaging of  tobacco products,† said Taifur Rahman, Campaign for Tobacco Free-Kids (CTFK) media and advocacy coordinator, at a workshop Friday. ‘PROGGA' and ‘Campaign for Tobacco Free-Kids' in collaboration with the Press Institute of Bangladesh (PIB) organi sed the workshop titled ‘Training Course on Media for Tobacco Control in Bangladesh' at the PIB  auditorium  in the city. Speaking at the workshop, Taifur Rahman said Bangladesh is one of the vulnerable countries across the world due to the rapid rise of its tobacco users. About 10 per cent of world's tobacco users are in Bangladesh. Tobacco users have increased 7. 5 per cent in five years from 2004 to 2009,† he said. Highlighting the global scenario of tobacco use, Taifur Rahman said five million people die of tobacco related diseases all over the world annually. â€Å"If the trend continues, tobacco will kill eight million people by 2030 and one billion by the end of the current century,† he added. According to a fact sheet, tobacco exacts a high cost on society and indirect costs of tobacco are estimated at US$ 652. 6 million (loss of income from death or disability due to tobacco-related illness). It said lost economic opportunities in highly populated dev eloping countries are severe because half of all tobacco-related deaths occur during prime productive years (age 30-69). Over 57,000 people die in Bangladesh every year from tobacco-related diseases and some 16 per cent of all deaths among people aged 30 years and above are attributable to tobacco use. About 1. 2 million cases of tobacco-attributable illness are reported each year in Bangladesh. Healthcare costs associated with tobacco related illness amount to 10 per cent of monthly household expenditures. The fact sheet revealed that about 52 per cent of adults (age above 30) use some form of tobacco. About 50 per cent of males and three per cent of females (age above 30) smoke, while about 22 per cent of males and 39 per cent of females use smokeless tobacco. Some 42 per cent of youths (13-15 years) are exposed to  secondhand smoking  in public places and 35 per cent of youths exposed to  secondhand smoking  at home, according to the fact sheet. Children under 5 living in smoking households are more likely to be severely malnourished than the children who live in smoking-free homes. Advocate Syed Mahbubul Alam, policy analyst of WBB Trust, and Hasan Shahriar, training officer of PROGGA, among others, spoke at the workshop. In response to these controversies, Michael Prideaux, Director of Corporate & Regulatory Affairs of British American Tobacco says that â€Å"What if it’s actually about enabling us to demonstrate that our businesses

Measuring Crime Essay

There are two different instruments used in reporting crime. There are also major crimes reporting program used in the United States. These major crime reporting programs do have a purpose and does give statistical information on crime in the United States. There are a difference between crime rates, arrest rates, clearance rates, and recidivism rates. The information reported about crime rates can be misleading and give inaccurate information about the crime rate in the United States. Crime and recidivism statistics can both give some important about crime in the United States. Instruments used to measure crime There are different ways that crime is reported in the United States. The media reports crime and influence society perception of crime (Schmalleger, 2011). This sometimes causes public opinion on crime unrealistic (Schmalleger, 2011). Statistic data provides a better view on the amount of crime occurring than what is reported by the news media. The statistic reports are not as accurate as society would want, but it still gives a better understanding of the amount of crimes, types of crimes and also the frequency of those crimes than the news media. People who are the victims of a crime are the ones who report the crime and allow the crimes to be placed in a crime database (Schmalleger, 2011). Major crime reporting programs The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) are the two major reporting of crime programs used in reporting crime in the United States (Schmalleger, 2011). Crime is computed by adding the major crimes reported to the police. The police report these crimes to the F.B.I who publishes the findings in the UCR. The UCR provides an annual report of incidents and rate of the reported crime that occurs throughout the United States (Schmalleger, 2011). The UCR program created a crime index to create a comparison over time. The index contains seven major offenses. These offenses are robbery, murder, forcible rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft gives the result of crime based on the population (Schmalleger, 2011). The UCR also reports victimless crimes to the F.B.I. The NCVS is designed to report an estimate occurrence of all crimes in the United States (Schmalleger, 2011). The NCVS shows the amount of different victimized crimes not reported to the law enforcement. NCVS provides information about crimes collected from individuals and households, who have suffered from crimes whether the crimes have been reported or not to authorities (Schmalleger, 2011). Both UCR and NCVS serve the same purpose. This purpose is to report and keep track of the crime reported in the United States each year to law enforcement agencies (Schmalleger, 2011). It is a way of keeping crime statistics so law enforcement agencies can develop ways to manage crime in different areas. These reports also provide the areas where crime rates are higher than other and what type of crimes are high in a certain area. Crime rates, arrest rates, clearance rates, and recidivism rates Crime rates and arrest rates are difficult for a law enforcement agency to produce to the high volume of calls received. Some examples of calls that do not require an arrest include lost pets, individuals needing medical assistance, and noise complaints. Each agency must make an organized effort to make contact with the individuals making the calls with high and low priority due to the unseen or unreported information at the caller’s location. The law enforcement community has also created an organization devoted to crime reports known as the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) data is based on law enforcement agencies (Schmalleger, F. 2011, p. 3). Clearance rates are defined as cases that have been solved. Many times if an arrest was made then the case has been cleared. Some case are never cleared one example, if an offender commits a murder and he or she is found dead or flees the country before an arrest is made the data does not go into the cleared category. Recidivism rates are directly related to the quality of life after an offender is released from prison. Many offenders repeat crime related offenses due to the addiction of drugs. At times serious pathological offenders create a threat to the community therefore recidivism rates are often used in determining the punishment required for the offender. Myth v. Reality Crime rates can be deceiving according to information form (Criminal Justice Video, 2013). Crime rates are based on different factors including the type of crime, the type of offender, also the place a crime is committed. In late 1990’s property crimes had decreased, today property crimes are suspected to rise due to a slow economy. Another factor leading to the deception of crime rates is based on the type of offender; including the increase of juvenile crime. Also affecting the crime rate according to Criminal Justice Video, (2013) are change in policies and mandatory laws that take effect. Crime rates relate to arrest rates in the fact that both are based on the unit of the population; per 100,000 of the population, Schmalleger, F. (2011). The crime index is a tool used to determine the amount of crime in an area; the index is effective however, it does not provide accurate numbers of crime committed. Updated Uniform Crime Reporting, (UCR) programs can help support the number of crimes committed also helps determine the types of crime. One solution for correlation between crime rates, arrest rates, and clearance rates can be to keep data updated. Updated data is the reporting of all arrests, and criminal behaviors also dropped charges. If data is continually up dated a system can be used to compare information on specific crimes helping to determine different aspects of crimes and arrests. Crime and recidivism statistics Crime rates did increased since the early 1970’s in many major states as the baby boomers became young adults. Most crime are being committed by today’s young males because of the higher population, the best way to eliminate crime is the eliminate poverty, because poverty breeds crime. Crime is very high in African –Americans due to they are unemployed or being a single parent and doing what he/she has to do to survive or provide for their families. The crimes that are committed by the young adults may have been seen as a child while they were growing up or maybe that is what they were taught to do. It is estimated that sociopaths who are prone to commit crimes, because they are incapable of feeling remorse or empathize with other’s pain, comprise about 3-4% of the male population, and between 33% and 80% of chronic criminals offenders. Some females may shoplift to support their drug habit, and this means that everyone is a victim especially their family members. Conclusion Although there may be changes of crime statistics but not changes in the crime rate, crime can be measured in numerous ways because of all of the numerous ways crime can be measured. The National Crime Victimization Survey and Uniform Crime Reports are both reliable systems but still leave the â€Å"dark figure of crime† because of the crimes that go unreported. Reference Criminal Justice Video, (2013). Myth v. Reality. Pearson Custom Publishing Retrieved from: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/pcp/pcp_94869_mutchnick_cj_uop/chapter1/ch1_mvr/index.html Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal justice today: An introductory text for the 21st century (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

SAGE analysis in six major issues in youth sports Essay

SAGE analysis in six major issues in youth sports - Essay Example It will mainly discuss how these issues are generated and why it becomes a conflict for society. (Smith, Smoll and Ptacek)These areas include; In spite of the above mentioned problems, the youth sports program is focused and determined to do a great deal of good for families and children in the area. The first thing they have done in order to counter this issues is the mare fact of acknowledging that this issues do exist and everybody in the youth sport fraternity has to confront these problems. (Houlihan)The other strategy is to understand the important role the youth sports play in the society, and identify and understand the powerful psychological pressure these sports exert on families, children, and the community. Sport is a freely or a voluntarily chosen activity, that is governed by rules activities that involve competition and physical challenging in a mutual challenge to achieve a goal or excellence. Participants are required to abide by the rules of the sport, and produce excellent results at the end. (Richard Thorpe)Some rules may be manipulated and changed to fit new conditions of the game, or due to introduction of better ways of officiating the sport so as to keep the game challenging, and in a way keep and promote fair play within the bounds of decency as far as the game is concerned. This whole idea of physical challenge and excellence in terms of results leads to a number of issues. Ethics issues are defined as conflicts of rights and responsibilities, conflicts of preferred consequences or conflicts of values. (Houlihan)In sports, they are known as sports ethics issues which mostly arise from sports related moral conflicts. Generally, ethics is the study of values theories and principles that are invoked so as to justify one’s choice over another. Ethical theories display categories of moral relativism and moral absolutism beliefs in explaining the world. (Catherine Marshall)Management may be defined as the operation and

International financial markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International financial markets - Essay Example Meanwhile, the mispriced item will have appreciated at a rate higher than that of the portfolio. The arbitrageur could thus short sell the portfolio at the present price and use the amount obtained to purchase the mispriced item. At the end of the period, the arbitrageur will sell the mispriced item, purchase back the portfolio, and then keep the difference as his profit. In this context, the arbitrageur utilizes the interest rates difference between two countries to make risk free profit. By the use of a forward contract to eliminate the threat of exchange rates, the arbitrageur makes profit from the fact that interest rates difference does not always hold(TEALL,2013). According to economists, factors such as fluctuating frequencies of time series data and diverse aspects of assets contribute to changes in interest rates. An example of an investor exploiting such an arbitrage opportunity due to pricing forwards; The investor borrows 800,000 of currency Y @ 2% per annum. This implies that that by the end of year, he will be required to pay 816,000. Currency X offers a higher one-year interest and therefore the investor converts the 800,000 currency Y to X at a spot rate of 1.00. The investors lock in the 4% rate on the deposit of the 800,000X and concurrently enters into a forward contract which, converts the full maturity amount of the deposit,(832,000X) into currency Y at the one-year forward at a rate of Y=1.0125X. After one year, the investor settles the forward contract at the agreed rate (1.0125). The investor remains with 821,728Y and after repaying his 816,000Y loan, he remains with 5728Y as his profit. There may be various arbitrage opportunities according to the binomial pricing model. For instance, a situation where stock price is (ST )at time (T)and there are only two time periods; (T= 0 and T = 1). Starting stock

Network Infrastructure and Design Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Network Infrastructure and Design - Term Paper Example Thus, the choice has been made for the purpose of eliminating future challenges during the upgrading (Kurose & Ross, 2005). Devices in the internet arrangement will be assigned unique numbers so that they can communicate with the rest of the devices with effectiveness. Devices in the arrangement include mobile gadgets as well as computers. Since this organization is expected to have new devices all the time, the implementation of IPv4 was found to be inappropriate since IPv6 can only accommodate a limited number of devices. The IPv6 will be using addresses of 128-bits, and this will facilitate 2128 addresses, and this number is already exceeding the IPv4 with over 7.9*1028times. This is because the IPv4 utilizes a 32-address bit arrangement which, therefore, provides for just 4,294,967,296 addresses all over the world (Kurose & Ross, 2008). There has been an accelerating deployment of IPv6 since its global launch took place in June 2012. As it has been aforementioned, its main advant age is the enlarged address space. Its addresses are indicated in eight groups that consist of 4-hexadecimal digits. The digits are separated via colons. Since not every network support the dual-stack, the idea behind tunneling will be applied in situations where IPv6 need to communicate with IPv4. This is because of the fact that cable network operators go for tunneling until the foundational equipment is able to support the native dual-stack (Kurose & Ross, 2008). Since not every network has the capacity to support dual-stack, the idea tunneling will be employed if it will be necessary for the IPv4 to communicate with IPv6 and vice versa. The implementation will be accomplished with the realization that most of the current users of the internet infrastructure lack the IPv6 support for dual-stack. This means that it cannot reach the sites using the IPv6 directly. Since the IPv4 infrastructure has to be used to carry the IPv6 packets, tunneling technique must be employed. This techn ique encapsulates the IPv6 packets in a manner that allows for their transformation via the IPv4 infrastructure. Using that infrastructure will, therefore, necessitate the use of IPv4 as it acts as the link layer that connects to IPv6 (Kurose & Ross, 2008). The IP protocol 41 that indicates that IPv4 packets encapsulate the IPv6 data grams, there will be the need to avoid using routers and other network transmission devices that could block the protocol 41. In situations where the IPv6 data grams have to pass through the inhibiting structures, there will be an implementation of the UDP packets for the purpose of encapsulating them. Other encapsulation strategies, such as Generic Routing Encapsulation and AYIYA will also be employed. The IPv4’s compatibility with the IPv6 is usually a firmware or software issue. In that case, there could be a necessity to replace the older hardware/software since they may not be upgraded. Another reason for opting to implement the IPv6 is the suggestion by the American Registry for the Internet Numbers that every server be ready to serve those clients with IPv6. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Options The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol as a network protocol will be utilized in configuring the network devices in a manner that enables them to communicate on the IP network. The Dynamic Host

The Postcolonial Cultural Identities of Individuals and Nations Essay

The Postcolonial Cultural Identities of Individuals and Nations - Essay Example Therefore it is possible to read E.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India, written many years before the Indian independence, as a text that represents both colonial and postcolonial sentiments. Derek Walcott’s long poem ‘The Schooner Flight’ deals with the complex cultural aspects of identity and nationalism in the colonial Caribbean islands. Edwards Said’s thoughtful analysis of the ways in which the West has constructed an orient that suits their colonial needs has left an indelible impression in the cultural discourses prevalent in the latter phase of the previous century. He exposed how the West conveniently constructed the misconceptions of cultural stereotypes for their benefit. Such cultural labeling and role-fixing had been a part of the dominant colonial discourses that misrepresented the history and culture of colonized nations. In his view, â€Å"the Orient was almost a European invention and had been since antiquity a place of romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, remarkable experiences† (1). Chinua Achebe tries to deconstruct the popular notions of the false notions of innate inferiority and cultural dependence of once-colonized nations to the colonizers. His responses to the brash comments by the Western critics aimed at the emerging postcolonial literature are laden with a judicious blend of intelligent arguments and indigenous cultural sentiments. Contesting the accusation that writers like him have been imitating the Western forms of cultural discourses, he observes: The colonialist critic, unwilling to accept the validity of sensibilities other than his own, has made a particular point of dismissing the African novel.  

Relational Approach to Counselling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Relational Approach to Counselling - Essay Example But for whatever the need for counselling is, it is extremely important that the counsellor at the hem of the process follows strict principles and guidelines in order to achieved success. The kind of principles to follow in a particular counselling session is largely dependant on the counselling approach used by the counsellor. Among the several counselling approaches, the relational approach is one approach that comes with a lot of principles and conditions that cannot be overlooked in the course of any counselling session. The use of relational approach to counselling has very influential impact on the counselee and even the counsellor. The relational approach also has its own weaknesses and therefore needs a lot care and professionalism in its use. Overview of Relational Approach to Counselling Relational approach to counselling is seen in the perspective of Mearns and Cooper (2005) as a person centred or individual centred technique towards counselling whereby the counselee is g iven a lot of attention and prominence by the counsellor. In relational approach to counselling, the counselee is seen as an impactful stakeholder in the counselling session. ... In this direction, Page (1999) explains that relational centred counselling has been tried and proven in research has been found to be a valid therapy that draws upon current developments in not just psychoanalytic but also in psychodynamic and humanistic theories. This confirms the notion by Erskine Moursand & Trautman (1999) that relational approach to counselling goes beyond empathy to include actual participation by the client rather than an assumption of what he or she is going through. With relational approach to counselling, the client is brought closer through contact; such that by the end of the entire experience, there becomes a relationship developed between the counsellor and the counselee. Different perspectives of Relational Approach to counselling – the UK and USA Origins In both the United States and United Kingdom, relational approach to counselling is held in highest esteem. In both parts of the perspectives, relational or person-centred counselling started i n the 1950s and 1960s. The little difference is that in the United States of America, relational approach was started as an integral factor of human potential movement that was firmly rooted on the principles of psychotherapy (Mann, 1997). Ever since, relational approach to counselling in the United States of America has followed that perspective whereby not just counsellors back and advocate concentration on the counselee but also involved other psychology experts. In the United States of America, counsellors believe that each individual; including the counselee or the client has potential to achieve success and any changes they want in their life. Because of this perspective, the client is given much room to operate during

Gender, Media and Consumer Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gender, Media and Consumer Societies - Essay Example These effects are especially pronounced in the young who learn by emulation. Continuous exposure to particular forms of media models the child`s perception of life as a whole and even influences the profession that he or she ends up pursuing in future. There is a disparity in Australia in the type and form of media consumption. People of different ages are being exposed to diverse types of media and this is creating a generational drift between the young and the elderly (Carter & McLaughlin, 2013). The young predominantly prefer movies that are either bought, from the internet via downloading or streamed. They are also active in consuming online television which composes of streaming and others such as catch up TV. The younger generation is also more active in social media such as Facebook and Twitter more than the older generation. The elderly prefer older forms of media such as newspapers and free television. This has led to diverse impacts in terms of gender in different age groups. Conflict hence arises between the expectations of the elderly of what society should be and what the young consider as acceptable ideals. Media directly and indirectly affect the career paths that children ultimately follow in future. Young girls and boys tend to develop particular preferences at an early age. In this age and time these preferences are either enhanced or modified over time by external influences. At a time when parents focus more on their careers than on family, the children are left without role models ad people to look up to except the ones they see in the television or from the internet (Carter & McLaughlin, 2013).Research shows that children watching cartoons that depict princesses and fairy tales in the long run prefer to be stay home at wives. Cartoons such as the magic Riddle in which the main character undergoes a lot of suffering in her

Riordan Manufacturing Team Building Essay Example for Free

Riordan Manufacturing Team Building Essay Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics manufacturer employing 550 people with projected annual earnings of $46 million. The company is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 1000 enterprise with revenues in excess of $1 billion. Its products include plastic beverage containers produced at its plant in Albany, Georgia, custom plastic parts produced at its plant in Pontiac, Michigan, and plastic fan parts produced at its facilities in Hangzhou, China. The companys research and development is done at the corporate headquarters in San Jose. Riordans major customers are automotive parts manufacturers, aircraft manufacturers, the Department of Defense, beverage makers and bottlers, and appliance manufacturers. As you can see Riordan is a large company with offices worldwide and communication and travel can be a major expense for the company especially when implementing new lines and technology at one of their facilities. Future statements made by Riordan, We will maintain an innovative and team oriented working environment. By assuring that our employees are well informed and properly supported, we will provide a climate focused on the long term viability of our company. We must be focused in achieving and maintaining reasonable profitability to assure that the financial and human capital is available for sustained growth. As Riordan moves forward with their mission statements the cost of implementing new technology and training employees to operate and manage these new systems costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. The companys most recent expansion took place in 2014 when it opened its operations in China. At that time, the entire fan manufacturing operation was moved from Michigan to China and the Pontiac, MI facility was retooled for the manufacture of custom plastic parts. During the first quarter of the  expansion travel costs alone just for the training of the ongoing systems integration project surpassed one hundred thousand dollars. We know that Riordan will always be on the forefront of applying new technology and systems to keep up with market trends in the future. This is why implementing the creation, deployment, and support of effective interactive distance learning and communication systems to improve business, is crucial to the ongoing success of the company. The CADE system will reduce thousands of dollars of travel expenses directly related to the training required with each new system at all of the company’s facilities. Developing a distance learning system that will allow Riordan to provide effective training through teleconferencing from their headquarters in San Jose CA to facilities all over the world will reduce expenses by millions of dollars over the long term. The Need for Training and Communication The cornerstone of a competitive organization is its highly trained workforce. In today’s market, product life-cycles are shorter, more complex. The available time for training is greatly reduced. Many companies are downsizing and the responsibilities of those that remain are increased, jobs are consolidated. Corporate communication and training needs have never been more important Time becomes one of the most limited resources. Regardless of the industry, many of these issues are very much the same: (Velocedge Inc, 2014). High cost and increased difficulty of travel Inability to reach all employees anywhere, anytime High cost of training, continuing education Lack of qualified instructors or presenters Time it takes to get a message to all employees Expensive to develop effective training and communication programs Loss of productivity when employees take off work for travel, training, or meetings Difficulty in transferring knowledge throughout the organization The CADE System The Communications And Distance Education (CADE) system is designed to  facilitate live, interactive programs over a satellite, Internet, or streaming video network as well as capture those programs for later playback. Interactive Satellite Delivery During an interactive broadcast, the instructor or presenter can ask multiple choice, true/false, yes/no, numeric, and multiple selection questions and participants can respond with either wireless remote controls in a classroom setting or through a personal computer. The PC at each remote location collects participant responses from the wireless remotes and transmits them back to the presenter over an intranet or Internet connection. Participants may also speak with the presenter, using voice over IP, PBX, or standard telephone line, and everyone in the broadcast can listen to that conversation. Interactive Web Delivery With CADE eTutor, interactive training and communication programs can be delivered over the Internet/Intranet. It provides the same capabilities of the satellite delivery system, as well as a few extra features, in a desktop version using highly compressed audio and video over IP. Capture All Interaction Participant responses are captured, time-stamped, and stored in a web-based learning management system. In addition to capturing the satellite based information, the CADE system also supports web based training, classroom, paper based, and is fully SCORM compliant. All data in the CADE system is created, managed, and accessed through this web-based portal to the database. CADE System Components The CADE system is comprised of a number of software applications. These applications include: Studio Control System The instructor or presenters interface Virtual Classroom The remote site control program eTutor The web-based interactive delivery system Learning Management Web The web-based learning management system New System Flow Diagram for CADE System at Riordan Manufacturing The new CADE is a free standing system that has virtually no effect or interaction with any of the present Information systems or processes currently in use by Riordan Manufacturing. The CADE system is designed to facilitate live, interactive programs over a satellite, Internet, or streaming video network as well as capture those programs for later playback. CADE is primarily a software based product but it represents a new paradigm in software development, utilizing an effective integration of world-class software components and Internet technologies in an adaptive architecture. To keep pace with todays rapidly changing world, CADE was designed to incorporate change as quickly as an organization realizes the need for change. Corporate management faces many issues that can keep an organization from being as competitive and profitable as it needs to be CADE wont be one of them. As a new or better technology solution is identified, an idea to improve a feature, or a new function desired, that change can be easily incorporated into the CADE products keeping your system continually up to date, meeting each new requirement, and keeping your investment protected. Satellite -Live -On-demand -Prerecorded Interactive Web Training Audio/Video -Live -Prerecorded Web Courses SCORM Classroom Video On Demand Desktop Classroom CADE Advantages to Riordan Interactive Distance Learning Even though there is a lot of talk about distance education, over 90% of all formal training continues to use classroom delivery. The major cost driver of training is delivery. Satellite or web based, Interactive Distance Learning (IDL) provides the benefits of classroom without the large cost. (Velocedge Inc, 2014). . Faster Deliver to more people in less time, Concept to delivery time in hours or days, Cut classroom delivery time in half, Deliver to entire target population in one broadcast Cheaper Fewer experts needed to deliver message, Deliver to more people with less cost, Low cost to develop and deliver content, Incalculable cost savings: time off work, travel, per diem, etc. Better Over 25% improvement in student retention, Most consistent message delivery, one voice Standardized design , Utilize only the most qualified instructors, Provides detailed tracking and reporting (Velocedge Inc, 2014). Presently Riordan’s first quarter number’s pertaining to the General Administrative line item is over budget one hundred thousand dollars due to travel and per diem expenses related to emergency training of the new systems that have been added. By incorporating the new CADE system to provide long distance training this will eliminate any additional over budget expenses caused by the new systems and also provide low cost long distance training for any future systems that are put in use by the company. The new CADE system will reduce company expenses in many ways: reducing or eliminating travel and per diem costs, reducing course development costs, reducing the number of trainers, reducing the time off work, reducing the time to develop a course, and many other ways. Pricing is based on the number of remote sites you have and the Presentation Studio System that is specified. However, the cost is a fraction of what you are spending now to train your employees. References Velocedge Inc. (2014). velocity and knowledge. Retrieved from http://www.velocedge.com/ Learn.net. (2014). The CADE System. Retrieved from http://www.velocedge.com/CADEnew/Products/index.htm

A Network Technology And Data Communications Information Technology Essay

A Network Technology And Data Communications Information Technology Essay A WAN, or Wide Area Network, is a network that covers a large area, for example computers on opposite sides of the planet communicating. Usually, WANs are 2 or more LANs (Local Area Networks) connected together. One of the most well-known examples of a WAN is something we all use every day: the Internet. Types of WANs PTO Switched Services Here I will look at some of the most commonly known examples of PTO Switched Services. Circuit Switching Circuit switching is based on the sender and receiver making the most of the full communication channel for the length of the communication. This type of switching can be found in the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) where telephone calls are started by the person dialling but arent completed until the person receiving the call answers. The main advantage of circuit switching is that it is extremely reliable for what it does. Another advantage is that once the connection is set up, it is fast to use and relatively error-free. The disadvantages include the cost of the initial set up and the time that it takes to set up the particular channel. There is also the chance of a failure at one point causing a disruption in all communications. Lastly, although there are many paths available, you can only communicate on one path at a time, meaning that if you want to talk to someone else you will have to start the process again, in the same vein once a path is established that channel will be unavailable to other users. To attempt to overcome the problems of circuit switching, packet switching was introduced. Examples of Circuit Switching PSTN PSTN, or Public Switched Telephone Network, is a circuit-switching network that uses internationally agreed codes and unique identifiers (telephone numbers) to operate. The PSTN network was originally made for fixed-line analogue telephone systems but the PSTN is now almost completely digital and also incorporates mobile telephones alongside analogue ones. ISDN ISDN, or Integrated Services Digital Network, is a communications standard used internationally to send data, including voice and video, over digital or regular phone lines, at the same time. One of the most well known uses of ISDN is for Internet access, with ISDN providing a maximum speed for upload and download of 128 Kbit/s. Leased Lines A leased line is a symmetric telecommunications line connecting two locations for voice and/or data communications. Unlike PSTN lines, leased lines dont have a telephone number; instead each side of the line is permanently connected to the other. Usually, leased lines are used by businesses to directly connect offices that are far apart, however shorter distances are also used for convenience. The main difference between leased lines and dial-up connections is that a leased line is always active. The main advantage of leased lines is the guarantee of a high level of quality, this is because the connection doesnt carry anybody elses data. Packet Switching Packet switching is a communications method that works by splitting the data being sent into smaller chunks, called packets. When the data is sent it can end up being sent through different paths to arrive at its destination. Each time a packet goes through a switch, router or adapter it is buffered and queued, which can slow down how quick the packets arrive at their destination, which also means the order of delivery can also be different. Examples of Packet Switching X.25 X.25 is one of the oldest packet-switched services that are still available and used, although it is now being replaced by less complex protocols, like IP (internet Protocol). It was developed before the OSI Reference Model so the protocol suite is essentially just three layers, which are almost the same as the lower three layers of the seven-layer OSI model (Physical, Data and Network layers). X.25 is designed to operate effectively regardless of which systems are connected to the network. It is typically used by telephone service providers which allows them to charge their customers based on their use of the network. Frame Relay Frame relay is a telecommunication service geared towards cost-efficient data transmission between local area networks and wide area networks. Frame relay sends packets at the data link layer of the OSI model rather than at the Network layer. A frame can use packets from different protocols such as Ethernet and X.25 and is also variable in size with some being as large as 1000bytes or more. Frame Relay was originally a stripped-down version of X.25, but managed to distance itself from the error-correcting which is most commonly associated with X.25. Instead when Frame Relay finds an error, it just drops the packet. Frame Relay works on the basis of shared-access and uses a technique known as best-effort, where error-correction is almost obsolete however there is also no guarantee of reliable data delivery, instead it leaves the error correcting to each end of the connection. SMDS SMDS, or Switched Multimegabit Data Service, is a telecommunications service that provides connectionless, high-performance, packet-switched data transport. As SMDS is neither a protocol nor a technology, it means that it can support standard protocols and communications interfaces that are using current, as well as future, technology. SMDS can use either fibre or copper-based lines and works on the data link and physical layers of the OSI model. Mobile and Broadband Services The greatest change to WANs and most internet services in the near future is expected to be the rise and increase of quality in mobile and broadband services and standards. ATM ATM, or Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a data link as well as a network layer circuit switched protocol which is connection based. For example a logical connection has to be made between both end points before data can start to be sent or received. ATM also divides the data being sent into small sized cells, each consisting of 53 bytes (48 Bytes for Data and 5 Bytes for Header Information). The process of splitting the data into a fixed size is what makes ATM different from packet switched networks that use different length packets, like IP. xDSL DSL, or Digital Subscriber Line, provides customers with digital services through their telephone system. The x simply means that there are a range of different DSL technology available. DSL is probably the most used method for people to access digital services, such as the internet as it is cheaper than leased lines and also faster than ISDN, with speeds of upto 1.5Mb/s download speed and 128kb/s upload speed available on ADSL (Asymmetric DSL). This is down to the fact that DSL uses a digital modem rather than an analogue one, meaning that the data doesnt need to be converted before it is sent.

An Analysis Of The Genesis 22 Religion Essay

An Analysis Of The Genesis 22 Religion Essay The chapter begins with a pattern of introduction that usually suggests a new wave in the trend of events. And it came to pass after these things, that God did tempt Abrahamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In verse 20, the same introduction is used in stating that Abrahams brother Nahor had been born children by Milcah. It is known from the onset that God is testing Abraham. The primary aim of the test is to teach Abraham that obedience and commitment are vital to keeping covenants. Obedience to covenant obligations brings guarantee of the fulfilment of Gods promises and fresh bestowal of the blessings that go with covenant keeping. God calls Abraham to take his son Isaac, whom he loves very much to a land which he will show him and offer him for a burnt offering (verse 2). The practice of human sacrifice in ancient near-eastern society is here revealed. In verse 3, Abraham obeys Gods command without any grudges, rising up early in the morning and taking along with him the persons and materials needed to perform the sacrifice. His response to Gods call Behold, here I am shows Abraham has entrusted his future and life into Gods hands. He makes himself totally available for Gods purpose. The prophet Isaiah showed a similar attitude in his vision. Abraham surrenders totally to God knowing he was going to be the founding father of Israel. An important truth is learnt about what happens when Gods word is followed-up with obedience in verse 4. He lifted up his eyes and sees the place of the sacrifice from a distance. He did not need God to speak again for him to ascertain the place. Revelation and divine knowledge and insight follow obedience to the word. Verse 5 shows Abraham leaving his servants behind in the Journey and moving on with Isaac. It seems true worship is a personal thing that often involves the individual going beyond the point where most people can or are willing to go. His faith is unshaken in his confession that he and the lad will go, worship and come back. He understands this is a test and so far, he seems to be doing well. Isaac, the object of the worship is not oblivious of the happenings around him. He is aware a burnt offering is to be performed but does not see any lamb for it. This makes him curious, and even though he was later bound up by his father for the sacrifice, he did not resist ( 7-10 ). Abraham demonstrates his faith once again in God by assuring Isaac of Gods providence ( verse 8). In some way, the whole story is allegorical. Isaac is portrayed as a type of the Christ to come, for as Jesus carried his cross to the place of his crucifixion so Isaac carries the wood for the sacrifice demanded by God(22: 6). Abraham is seen often assuming the status of a god-figure. Twice he is called upon, both by God and Isaac and he responds, here I am'(1). His response with this phrase is reminiscent of the revelation of God(Yahweh) when He speaks to Moses( Ex. 3:14). In Jesus confrontation with the Pharisees, the same title he uses pitches him against them because they taught of him as a blasphemer equating himself with God. This same statement by Abraham is not only indicative of his total availability to God. It in some way makes the parallel of Abraham as a God-figure tenable in the same way that Isaac, the object of the sacrifice is representative of the true lamb in the new testament, Jesus Christ. Isaac carries the wood for the burnt offering ( 6 ), as Christ carries his cross. The place of the sacrifice in the land of Moriah( verse 2) is later seen in the mountain of Jerusalem where Solomon eventually built the temple of the Lord (2 Chron. 3: 1). It plays on the Hebrew word to see (raa) used by Abraham in verses 8 and 14 as to provide. The fact that Abraham was the first to offer a sacrifice there when he eventually offered the ram caught in the ticket shows that he first instituted true worship to God. He was the first to worship God there. It took Abraham three days to find the place of worship. This is probably a half-way point of the entire journey to and fro that would take about seven days. In verse 9, Isaac is bound by Abraham, ready to be slain, yet he does not resist even though his father had already told him that God will provide a lamb for the sacrifice. He is a type of the Christ described in Isaiah 53: 7 who as a lamb brought to the slaughter, opened not his mouth. Abrahams reply to Isaacs question that God will provide himself a lamb for the sacrifice (verse 8) is an act of his faith in God. He had earlier obeyed Gods command to go somewhere to sacrifice his son. Now, he has to assure his son that the object of the sacrifice will be provided. In verse 10, Abraham demonstrates his faith totally by stretching forth his hand with the knife to slay the lad. God sees Abrahams heart that he truly fears him and speaks through his angel from heaven. God is pleased with Abrahams willingness to entrust all his future into his hands. Verse 13 shows Abrahams faith yielding fruits. He had told his son that God will provide a lamb for the burnt offering. Now, the Lord has indeed provided. He sees a ram caught in a bush by its horns and uses it for the sacrifice. Abraham later calls the name of the place Jehovah-jireh, acknowledging that God had indeed seen to or provided. Verses 15- 18 is a re-affirmation of covenant promise by the same angel of the Lord that spoke earlier on. God gives his word through his angel in promise to Abraham that he will bless him and multiply his seed as the stars of the heaven because he has obeyed his voice, trusted him and was willing to sacrifice for covenant. His seed shall posses the gate of their enemies and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed through them. Covenant promise earlier made demands obedience and faithfulness. Now faithfulness in that covenant walk has brought more assurance of more blessings. In verse 19, Abraham returns to his servants and they go and dwell in Beersheba. The underlying theme in the story is the fact that human sacrifice which was a core part of societal life is here seen to be abolished and replaced with animal sacrifice. Infant sacrifice was customary to the nations that dwelt about Abraham and would later become an important practice in Israel (2 Kings 16: 3). Israels realization that the first born belongs to the Lord resulted in their seeking alternative sacrifice that would redeem the first born. Abraham pioneers Israels change from the practice of the other nations through Gods direction to redeem his son by the ram. In verses 21 to 24, the writer notes that Abraham receives news of the children that have been born to his brother Nahor through Milcah. Perhaps the news of multiple bodily fruitfulness is a sign of the promise by the angel of the Lord. The children born to Nahor are Huz, Buz, Kemuel, Chesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel. Rebekah, the wife Abrahams servant would later choose for Isaac is the daughter of Bethuel mentioned here. Kemuel is the father of Aram. Nahors concubine Reumah also bore him four children by name Tebah, Gaham, Thahash, and Maachah. This part of the chapter completes the geneology to the second generation of the children of Terah, besides the children born to Abraham by Keturah (25: 1-6). Abraham had fathered Isaac. Now, the younger brother Nahor has twelve children; eight by his wife Milcah, and four by his concubine Reumah. Jacob, Abrahams grandson would later have the same number of children by his wives and concubines. Out of the twelve children born to Nahor, three would become names of places or nations. In Genesis 10: 23, Uz is mentioned as a son of Aram. It is the homeland of Job (Job 1: 1). This is probably northern Edom. The country of Buz is the homeland of one of the friends of Job (32: 2). In Genesis 24:15, Bethuel is seen as a personage. Buz is home to one of Jobs friends ( Job32: 2). Hazu (and Bazu) are mentioned by the 7th century Assyrian king Esarhaddon. In short, Abrahams entire family is blessed even though his youngest sibling Ur, who had fathered Lot had died in Haran. Conclusion Faithfulness is key to keeping covenants. Afterwards, blessings follow. God is faithful. The question is; are we ready to walk in faith with him as Abraham did?