Diverse Statemnt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Diverse Statemnt - Essay Example More so, vocabulary can be taught in different ways such as asking learners to state words beginning with given alphabetical letters, reading comprehension passages and identify new words and look up for their meanings from their context of use in relation to their dictionary meanings (Taber 13). In addition, grammar and spelling are other areas that should be adhered in teaching of English. Students with learning difficulties or special needs learners have to be accorded with special care and methodologies if educational objectives have to be achieved. These learners can be assisted through the provision of special and differentiated instructions, encouraging group or peer learning, repeating the taught content several times, encourage learners in the areas where they are good at and present them only relevant content and leave out less important content (Taber 9). These learners exhibit extra abilities as compared to the average learners. They are sometimes referred to as high achievers, talented or great thinkers. They are exhibited by their performance of task, high achievement in school, and are highly placed compared to the grade level learner. They are helped and taught using special methodologies, theories and procedures just like the slow learners since their pace of learning is not comparable to that of the average learners. There is an identified way of teaching these learners known as Gifted and Talented Education (GATE) or Talented and Gifted (TAG, or G/T). Learners are allowed to learn new things for themselves since they are able to digest new ideas and keep high level of motivation. They learn best through self-discovery and when experimental method of learning is applied (Taber

Terrifying things people do (ideas) Essay Example for Free

Terrifying things people do (ideas) Essay As you probably know the writing of an essay is to gauge the writers creative ability and to assess the fluency of their mind and its properties to assimilate within actions and sounds their take and acknowledgement of the world around them. In such confines your wish to project the panoply of Depression is both brave and challenging. If one had a coin for every time you have heard the sufferer say that it is the inability of people without the illness to be able to understand its vagrancies or machinations then we the patients would be very rich indeed. You have the opportunity of perhaps giving some insight into one of the most insidious of illnesses and I would encourage you to use such an occasion. You do not identify yourself as a mental health user but I think in some way you must be associate with the illness to consider such a subject. You ask for assistance in creating an opening for the subject heading Terrifying things people do ever day With your approval I would offer the following: 1. It without doubt borders on the terrifying when as a severe depressive you awake each morning to sense if that feeling of loss and imprisonment is waiting for you to wake. By long experience you know that through a lifting of your eye-lids, if you will be caught for that full day in the snarling web of black depression. 2. You know then that the day ahead will be a struggle and a battle, competing with a condition that wants to ensure that you suffer terrifying mental and physical pain. 3. It is a terrifying experience to attempt to live through such a day without the proper function of the brain giving out proper signals to relay cognition, memory or the confidence to speak in public or to feel or act naturally. 4. You feel terrified and afraid and because you are in such a low mood feelings of fear are multiplied until you reach a point of standstill. In many cases you become almost dumb unable to vocalise your symptoms or the anguish of the illness. 5. You are haunted and terrified with a past but no future and cocooned in hopelessness. Hopefulness has become an early victim to the illness. 6. As a form of retreat from the illness you seek out the safety of the duvet and sleep becomes a form of retreat but such safety turns to terror when you exaggerate in a day the wakening up experience. 7. You become reclusive which can be in itself terrifying, the world continues to spin, and the traffic flows and people like ants hurry and scurry about but you become invisible which is frightening, you are alone desperate for companionship but no one appears to notice you or to give you the time of day. 8. In the most acute stages, the mind wanders into that terrifying prospect of suicide and death becomes a welcomed conclusion to the pain and agony of a brain so badly affected with a chemical imbalance. Its at such a junction that the terrifying prospect of death challenges your will to live and in the most perverse way a battle not of the mind but of the will and spirit rages on in a terrifying contest. Normally this takes place against a backdrop of darkness. The mind is lost in the dark but the soul must somehow find the light to survive. An episode of full-blown suicidal tendency is the most terrifying the non-soldier in life will ever experience. 9 The survivor from this mental holocaust will be now have reached the stages of therapy and medication and if properly diagnosed will have started a programme of lessening the effects of severe depression. It is still to be proved if Depression and Mental Illness in all its labels is curable. However the medication is probably for life. Whilst you may reach a level of functioning, its terrifying to be in such an abyss without the feeling or exact knowledge of expectant hope and true well-being. 10. The sufferer who has incurable Mental Illness will probably have lost a half to a third of their working life and to enter that vista of old age without savings or pension plans has that re-visit to terror. Life as it has been commercially re-designed is to get to that nirvana of retirement, financially protected and making for the golf course. This is not the option of the long-term ill, their terrifying journey into the final years have already been predetermined through sad event and circumstance. Terror is looking forward and seeing no hope; Terrifying is living that no hope. This is what millions of sufferers do every day. In a land that refuses to accept the depth of the illness. The caption for any documentary on mental illness today would need to encapsulate The Walking Dead in our lifetime this is truly Terrifying!

An Interview with a Sixth Grade Student Essay examples -- Personal Nar

An Interview with a Sixth Grade Student Bringing up the topic of conducting a case study to my cooperating teacher was a surprising experience. I remember asking my teacher to recommend a â€Å"difficult† student that would provide an interesting interview. My teacher quickly responded, â€Å"Why do your professors always want a difficult student? Sometimes good students provide the most interesting interviews.† I thought about his response and the next day asked him if I could interview Antonio, a student who had intrigued me from the first day I entered Dunn Middle School. Antonio caught my attention because based on his appearance and demeanor in class, one would assume Antonio was a poor student who could not care less about what was being learned in the classroom. However, once a lesson began or a worksheet was distributed, Antonio transformed into a focused and enthralled student. During my lectures I had to avoid calling on him because he knew the answers right away and loved giving corre ct answers. I wanted to know how a student who was so quiet and indifferent during homeroom could become an ideal student when class began. Antonio might not be considered a â€Å"difficult† student, but he is definitely an interesting case and I learned a lot from him during the interview. Based on looks alone, Antonio is an average student in my classroom. He is of average height with a slightly slim build. I have never seen him wear anything other than jeans and tee shirts. Antonio is Hispanic, but I have not heard him speak Spanish in class as other students frequently do. He is also especially quiet in social situations, such as homeroom or free time. From my observations before our interview, I honestly believed Ant... ...ed me that students who may exhibit troubling behaviors in homeroom or other social situations sometimes become model students when classroom time starts. My final question for Antonio was the stereotypical â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?†. Antonio thought for a second and then said, â€Å"A doctor or a lawyer.† His answer delighted me, Antonio is essentially dealing with a double life, but he still has big dreams. Even though he has to make lingual changes on a daily basis and sees his friends not taking their education seriously, Antonio has a goal, an impressive goal at that. All in all, Antonio showed me that there are students who can fight the setbacks in their life and work hard to do well in school. I do not think there exists a â€Å"hopeless case† and I feel that every student can work hard to at least perform satisfactory work with the help of teachers.

Experiment Gone Bad in Flowers for Algernon :: Flowers for Algernon Essays

Experiment Gone Bad in Flowers for Algernon One experiment was done on a mentally retarded person to try to raise his intelligence. The experiment worked, but after months, he came back to the state he orginally was at. In the book, Flowers for Algernon, by Daniel Keyes, this intelligence operation was done, and the patient was Charlie Gordon. After the operation, Charlie was very bright, but experienced loneliness, and physcological distress. Charlie was emotionaly upset because of his flashbacks from childhood, and because his intellegence grew faster then his emotional intellegence. After his operation, he slowly started getting flashbacks from different parts of his childhood. In many of them his mother would go off and start saying, "...He's normal! He's normal! He'll grow up like other people. Better than others." Charlie had dreams of how his mother was ashamed of him. His mother always thought her son was normal and would grow up and be somebody. Charlie's sister also ignored him. To her, Charlie was dumb and could not do anything. Charlie had dreams of his sister yelling at him and making fun of him. He also had memories of the night his parents took him to the Warren Home. He was terrified and his dad would never answer his questions. Charlie remembered his childhood and through his memories, he felt guilty for hurting his family. After the operation, in the bakery, he used to have friends. Friends that would talk to him and care about him. Charlie then realized that he had no friends but merely knew people that made fun of him. The bakery employees just liked him because they could blame their mistakes on Charlie. Then, they could not do this after the operation, so they all turned against Charlie. Charlie also found out about Nemur and Strauss, the men who preformed the operation. He realized they were not professionals, but two men that were taking a shot in the dark. Charlie felt like an expendable lab specimen. Thus, Charlie had lost his friends and knew now he was just a like a lab rat. He was starting to regress and thought about suicide to end his up and down life. He became irritable and edgy around people at the university. He would become mad at people very quickly and then yell at them. People stayed away from him because he was becoming a madman and was unpredictable. Experiment Gone Bad in Flowers for Algernon :: Flowers for Algernon Essays Experiment Gone Bad in Flowers for Algernon One experiment was done on a mentally retarded person to try to raise his intelligence. The experiment worked, but after months, he came back to the state he orginally was at. In the book, Flowers for Algernon, by Daniel Keyes, this intelligence operation was done, and the patient was Charlie Gordon. After the operation, Charlie was very bright, but experienced loneliness, and physcological distress. Charlie was emotionaly upset because of his flashbacks from childhood, and because his intellegence grew faster then his emotional intellegence. After his operation, he slowly started getting flashbacks from different parts of his childhood. In many of them his mother would go off and start saying, "...He's normal! He's normal! He'll grow up like other people. Better than others." Charlie had dreams of how his mother was ashamed of him. His mother always thought her son was normal and would grow up and be somebody. Charlie's sister also ignored him. To her, Charlie was dumb and could not do anything. Charlie had dreams of his sister yelling at him and making fun of him. He also had memories of the night his parents took him to the Warren Home. He was terrified and his dad would never answer his questions. Charlie remembered his childhood and through his memories, he felt guilty for hurting his family. After the operation, in the bakery, he used to have friends. Friends that would talk to him and care about him. Charlie then realized that he had no friends but merely knew people that made fun of him. The bakery employees just liked him because they could blame their mistakes on Charlie. Then, they could not do this after the operation, so they all turned against Charlie. Charlie also found out about Nemur and Strauss, the men who preformed the operation. He realized they were not professionals, but two men that were taking a shot in the dark. Charlie felt like an expendable lab specimen. Thus, Charlie had lost his friends and knew now he was just a like a lab rat. He was starting to regress and thought about suicide to end his up and down life. He became irritable and edgy around people at the university. He would become mad at people very quickly and then yell at them. People stayed away from him because he was becoming a madman and was unpredictable.

Loneliness

Language†¦ Has created the word ‘loneliness' to express the pain of being alone. And it has created the word ‘solitude' to express the glory of being alone. † Does your study of texts support this perspective? Loneliness and solitude are closely Juxtaposed to show the over all effect of going it alone. The great Gatsby supports this perspective as it contrasts solitude and loneliness through the protagonist Nick Caraway and Jay Gatsby. Beneath the clouds shows the aspects of facing Isolation when uncontrollable and controllable.The great Gatsby highlights the quote through contrasting loneliness and solitude. Solitude Is expressed through the protagonist nick caraway, as he grapples with the meaning of the story In which he played a part In. Caraway Is Isolated In the society of the â€Å"egg† were he lives In â€Å"a weather-beaten cardboard bungalow at eight a month†, compared to the mansions of the western and eastern egg. A metaphor shows how the great Gatsby supports the quote as Caraways lack of wealth creates solitude for himself were he misses the dramas of the rich showing the glory of solitude.Isolation in beneath the clouds is both controllable and uncontrollable as seen through the decisions or Vaughn and Lena. Lena and Vaughn both experiencing the aspect of loneliness when there isolation is uncontrollable. Metaphorically the fences in the prison show the Vaughn has no control and his isolation is uncountable. This agrees with the quote as the tree scene shows Vaughn loneliness as he names a tree to be his friend, expressing the pain of being alone.When Lens's solitude is uncontrolled in the town with her being by her self and wanting to leave but reverted by the barriers of her age and circumstances. She is lonely and her pain is expressed through the close up shot of a butterfly being eaten by ants, were the ants are a metaphor for her life being wasted by the town a uncontrollable circumstance of going it alo ne. Solitude is expressed the glory of being alone in beneath the clouds. This Is shown through Lena and Vaughn as when they chose to leave their circumstances they experience happiness of there Journey along the road.Sir these paragraph's contain basic outlines for my essay I am yet to add evidence to jack up these points as Im still finding It. BY reentered shows the aspects of facing isolation when uncontrollable and controllable. Solitude is expressed through the protagonist nick caraway, as he grapples with the meaning of the story in which he played a part in. Caraway is isolated in the society of the â€Å"egg† were he lives in â€Å"a weather-beaten cardboard bungalow at eight a Solitude is expressed the glory of being alone in beneath the clouds. This is shown back up these points as IM still finding it.

Environmental Studies

Environmental Studies Sustainable Development â€Å"Sustainability is refers to the indefinite use of available natural resources without ever causing depletion of the energy or material sources on which man depends; while, development is the continued improvement of living standards as a result of economic growth† (Dahir, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Studies Sustainable Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Therefore, sustainable development refers to the development that meets the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (Dahir, 2010). There are three main approaches that are used to categorise sustainable development: These include; the economic, ecological; and socio-cultural approaches. Figure 1.0 shows the interrelation between the social, environmental and economic aspects of sustainability and how they bring about a sustainable development. Figure 1.0: â€Å"Scheme of Sustainable Development at the confluence of three constituent parts†.  Source: Wikipedia (2006). Economic Approach From this approach, the idea of sustainability is that future living standards should not be prevented from further improvement or maintenance by current decisions. Therefore, the economic systems should allow for transition into the future without depletion of earlier investments and savings. Ecological Approach This approach holds that sustainable development involves ensuring that the following are achieved:Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Genetic diversity is preserved. Life support systems and essential ecological processes are maintained. Ecosystems and species are utilized in an efficient manner. Socio-cultural Approach This approach characterizes sustainable developmen t in relation to developing and developed countries as a deep and profound change in the following: Political, Social, Economic; Institutional; And technological order. The following are elements that can be used to measure achievement of a sustainable development: Living Standards: Access to clean drinking water which promotes healthy living. Proper Sanitation: Attributed to good drainage systems, clean latrines and toilets, and efficient waste management practices. Improved Infrastructure: The existence of good communication and transport systems helps in promoting tourism and reducing accidents. Political Stability: Allows for equitable distribution of resources. Population Numbers: There is a controlled growth rate which reduces overexploitation of resources like land, water and forests. High Literacy: High levels of literacy improve knowledge and impacts ability to utilize available resources in a sustainable manner. Relevance of Sustainable Development Humans as a Threat G enerally, man is considered as the greatest threat to realization of a sustainable environment. The rate at which man uses resources is higher than the rate of replacement of such resources (Accor, 2008). Globally, there is a heavy dependence on forests for wood, fuel and charcoal. Despite the high rate of tree harvesting, there are little efforts to replace them. Also, other types of tree species take many years to grow and mature. Therefore, since the rate of usage is very high, the numbers of trees are reduced by a certain percentage every year. These results in global warming and reduction in the amount of received rainfall (UNESCO, 2009): Hence, future generations are exposed to the risk of getting an unsustainable environment. Ecosystem’s Lack of Self-sustainability The ecosystem is not self sustainable, therefore, man has to play a major role in order to create a sustainable environment. For example, responsibilities should be assumed for every resources used in any development (UNESCO, 2009). For instance, when a tree is cut, it is advisable to replace it with more than one. This would mean that future generation would have a chance to use the same species for own sustainable development. Long-run Sustainability A long-term sustainability can only be achieved through practice of a sustainable development (UNESCO, 2009). The use of resources in an irresponsible manner leads to environmental depreciation. This results in depletion of resources, reduced productivity, global warming and many other negative effects. As such, a sustainable approach to development should be practiced for to realize long-term benefits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Studies Sustainable Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Future Generations A sustainable development is required in order for future generation to have a share of the current resources, and in a sustainable way (UN ESCO, 2009). Therefore, a sustainable development ensures that all the necessary requirements for sustainable future are in at reach. Depletion of resources is eliminated and the chances of future generations to suffer from unsustainable environment are reduced. Therefore, future generations will have accessibility to clean water, a green and productive environment, and resources like land will be available. Challenges of Sustainable Development Despite the urgent need for a sustainable development, there are many challenges that make its achievement difficult. Some of the challenges are; poverty, population sizes, poor policies, market failures, resource depletion, political instability, and lack of participation. These challenges are discussed in the following paragraphs. Poverty Poverty is characterised by a situation where people cannot afford the most basic needs for life (Dahir, 2010). It is one of the biggest challenges to achievement of a sustainable development. A poor soci ety tends to over-depend on forests for sustainability. As a result, depletion of forests which causes encroachment by deserts; thus, reduced annual rainfall, drying up of rivers, reduction in crop production, occurrence of famines and an unstable economy. However, poverty will continue to remain a major challenge since the number of poor people increases globally: Poverty is the overriding theme of sustainable development. Globally, 1.3 billion people live in absolute poverty (less than 1 dollar per day). Since the 1992 Rio Conference, the number of people living in absolute poverty has increased. As seen in figure 2.0, 82.7% of the global income goes to the 20% of the wealthiest global population (The Society Pages, 2009). Also, most of the investments are owned by this category of the wealthy as shown by the graph (Figure 2.0) associated to the richest global population. Figure 2.0: â€Å"Champagne Glass Distribution of Wealth†.  Source: The Society Pages (2009).Adve rtising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Population A high population results in increased pressure on the available resources (Accor, 2008). More people increase the demand for resources such as land, water, food, health facilities. As such, the fast increase in global population negatively impacts on achievement of a sustainable development (Dahir, 2010). The world’s population facts and its effects are as described below. World population is predicted to reach 8 billion people by the year 2020. This is stated as a fourfold increase as compared to 1920s growth rate. Will result in stiffer competition on land and water resources. These may result in conflicts, thus, hinder sustainable development. Also, threatens the survival and livelihood of people living at subsistence level. Participation The lack of participation in sustainable development activities negatively impacts on the realization of a sustainable development. Many people do not participate in designing of developmental programs. Important advice and opinions from potential people lack. The chief pioneers of such programs become demoralized. These may result in failure of important sustainability projects. Policy Market Failure A sustainable development can be hindered from realization by poor policies and market failures in the following ways (ILO, 2008): Existing environmental laws and policies are undermined by some countries. Some see such policies as an extra cost to their economy, yet irrelevant. Omission – not intervening when necessary. Commissions of such policies include; Conducting Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), Land use Planning, and Development Planning (Swanson Laszlo, 2009). Alternative Energy Sources: It is advisable to use alternative sources of energy so as to reduce depletion of forest and other important resources. This may help to check the rate of global warming and realize a self sustainable development for long-term. Environmental Education: Creation of awareness on the need for a sus tainable environment should be encouraged through environmental education. This will increase the knowledge for the need, thus, people will help in the achievement of the dream (Swanson Laszlo, 2009). References Accor (2008) The Challenges of Sustainable Development. Web. Accor. Available  from: accor.com/en/sustainable-development/earth-guest-program/ challenges.html . Dahir, H. (2010) The challenges of achieving sustainable development in both  developed and developing countries, and their adjustments. Web. Free Online Articles Directory. Available from: articlesbase.com/ environment-articles/the-challenges-of-achieving-sustainable-development-in-both-developed-and-developing-countries-and-their-adjustments-3383258.html#axzz1PLFSY6G3 . ILO (2008) Global Challenges for Sustainable Development: Strategies for Green  Jobs. Web. G8 Labor and Employment Ministers Conference. Niigata, Japan. Available from: ilo.org/public/english/bureau/dgo/speeches/ somavia/2008/ g8paper.pdf . Swanson, D., and Laszlo, P. (2009) National Strategies for Sustainable  Development: Challenges, Approaches and Innovations in Strategic Co-ordinated Actions. Web. Environmental Policy Research Centre, Frele University of Berlin. Available from: iisd.org/pdf/2004/measure_nat strategies_sd.pdf . The Society Pages (2009) Graphic Sociology: Champagne Glass Distribution of  Wealth. Web. The Society Pages. Available from: http://thesocietypages. org/graphicsociology/2009/05/27/champagne-glass-distribution-of-wealth/ . UNESCO (2009) Relevance of ESD for Key Sustainable Development Challenge.  Web. ESD World Conference 2009. Available from: esd-world-conference-2009.org/en/programme/workshops/relevance-of-esd-for-key-sustainable-development-challenge.html . Wikipedia (2006) Scheme of Sustainable Development at the confluence of three  constituent parts. Web. The Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sustainable development .

Economic overview of BRICS †Country Assessment-INDIA Essay Example

Economic overview of BRICS – Country Assessment Economic overview of BRICS – Country Assessment-INDIA Essay Economic overview of BRICS – Country Assessment-INDIA Essay Economic overview of BRICS – Country Assessment-INDIA Name: Course: Date: Economic overview of BRICS – Country Assessment-INDIA In 2003, the American Investment Bank Goldman Sachs introduced the term BRIC to their economic papers in an economic report. This acronym is used by the organization when referring to four nations including Brazil, Russia, India and China. In accordance with the report, BRIC countries have the potential of becoming the leading economic powers along with Japan and the United States come year 2050 (Kumar, 2011). The report forecast maintains that BRIC countries will exhibit increased capital demand, higher returns, and stronger currencies. Furthermore, the research revealed the risk ratings for each country, business environment opportunities, and a thorough examination on exports, imports, GDP, and PDI. India Current Situation Goldman Sachs established that India was the second largest nation in terms of the global economy in 1777 with a twenty percent contribution to the global economic output. However, the late 1970s saw the countries economic contribution plummet to three percent due to two centuries of a stagnated economy. In 1991, India implemented new strategies that were designed to reduce obstacles on economic freedom. Since this strategy was implemented, India has been among the rapid growing economies globally (Kumar, 2011). Goldman Sachs forecasts that India bears the potential of raising its economy by a twenty percent margin come year 2020. The key factor to this prediction lies with the resilience of India’s government to maintain its strategic policies on growth implementation and support. The fundamental point behind the economic growth in India is regarded as the result of manufacturing industry productivity since 2003. This growth has also led to the rise in efficiency of private firms. The speed of transitional growth in India can now be compared to other nations in East Asia. The underlying factors amounting to the increase in efficiency have been attributed to favoring trends within international trade, financial sector growth, adoption and investments in information technology and communication. These positive effects on the Indian economy are also results of the implemented reforms across the decades. In addition, the relocation of labor, land, and capital resources from the dwindling agriculture sector to the high producing, service industry has in particular sustained growth and development of India’s economy. Trade openness, information technology investments, construction of highways, cheaper credit have all boosted the returns of the service industry (Kumar, 2011). These processes form the initial stages of development in India and are the dictating factors on the Goldman Sachs’ economic forecast on the Indian nation. Five Year Economic Forecast to 2016 – India India’s GDP had decline be 2.7 percent as at 2011, and its resurgence has been slow through 2012. The industrial output has been weak but minimum wage has risen by 51.1 percent. Investments from loan savings are expected to grow, and business and household loans have doubled in terms of GDP (Preuss, 2012). However, the manufacturing industry in India continues to slump with the latest output data showing a .05 Percent fall. The fastest growth rate was exhibited in printing, reproduction, and publishing of recording media with a remarkable 54.3 percent rise (Preuss, 2012). From this trend, it has been established that GDP is expected to have a growth of 7 percent in the by the end of next year with an average growth rate of 8 percent every year from 2012 to 2016. This rate of growth will be mainly driven by private investment and consumption. The table below shows India’s GDP forecast from 2012 to 2016 in US billion dollars. 201220132014201520164,824.5515,254.5805,734.5796,276.2426,873.984 Country Risk Rating The Indian economy has exhibited a slow growth rate after a long period of monetary, tightening policy and inflation. Growth has only registered 5 percent between January and March 2012, the lowest growth level in nine years (Preuss, 2012). Throughout 2012, growth rate is expected to remain stagnant and far below its average. The policy on relaxing money implemented earlier in 2012 may not have a significant effect because of inflation and concerns for diminishing value of the rupee. The balanced structure between consumption and investment – which explains the country’s success- is beginning to stall. The manufacturing sector is expected to exhibit declined performance but services industry will maintain its dynamic performance (2012). Regional elections held in the countries five states ultimately slowed structural reforms on the tax system, infrastructures, and education. Moreover, government shortcomings cripple the country’s progress through corruption. Several scandals were made public most notably with the commonwealth games and forwarding licenses for telephone mobiles. Furthermore, India faces internal divisions, external security threats including terrorist threats, state-level disputes, and insurrection movements. Combined with weaknesses in policy implementation, these risks imply that the progress of India in terms of growth will be stifled and may rank lowest among the rest of the BRIC countries. Regarding the other three BRIC countries, Brazil bases its strengths on readily available business information, a successful legal environment, accepted business regulatory quality, and capable workforce. Deficient infrastructure however remains the main weakness for Brazil. In China, access to financial information is often opaque and difficult to obtain and in some cases, the reliability of accounts is poor. The protection offered by the legal environment is only provided to foreign creditors in particular. The workforce is relatively trained and the infrastructure is satisfactory. In Russia, they rest their main strength on general skills with the civil service offering general efficiency. Creditors are offered little security by the legal environment. The business environment is undermined by poor law enforcement. Furthermore, transparency regarding ownership and information remain inadequate. According to Goldman Sachs, the BRIC countries are in engaging in efforts aimed at turning their weaknesses into opportunities and fueling their strengths to boost their economy. India will focus on following up on policy implementation and quelling corruption scandals that plague the country. Brazil plans build on its infrastructure including communication, schools, and roads. These kinds of projects will boost the economy and provide employment for the capable workforce. China mainly plans to make its legal environment favorable foreign creditors to encourage investments within the country. Russia on the other hand aims to harness the skills of its workforce and strive to quell poor law enforcement on policy management. Goldman Sachs establishes that these factors were put into consideration hence giving rise to the forecasted economic status of the BRIC countries. Trillion US $ 2012 GDP 2016 GDP 2012 PDI2016 PDI2012 IMPORTS 2016 IMPORTS 2012 EXPORTS 2016 EXPORTS Brazil718952 8456751346355321Russia9171232 7057858966867618India10111411 18174233321808928868China33164754 12229186001357818975 India Business Environment Rating Progress is expected in efforts aimed at simplifying the country’s burdensome tax policy and this along with the manufacturing industry, will remain the weakest business environment areas in India. A sluggish pace in reforms and shortages, in skilled labor, will continue to weaken the country’s investment environment. Furthermore, the repercussions of the global crisis experienced in 2008 are still visible through slow development of the financial sector and limited resources for improving the nation’s infrastructure, education and healthcare (Preuss, 2012). However, the forecast period maintains that India’s business environment will become favorable. The Indian government will ultimately become more selective when granting access to foreign firms within the country. Highly resourceful countries have greater advantages of acquiring easy access to current technological trends. Considering this premise, it is imperative that developing countries such as India double their efforts towards maximizing their opportunities associated with offers based on E-business. In this current age, nations with low resource levels are capable of accelerating their development. A combination of this development with ICT- based infrastructure will open opportunities in knowledge-based economies. India falls under this category since it is a developing nation with reliable resources. Therefore, should the country work towards quelling factors that hinder its development, it would be ready to engage in E- business. Tradeoff According to Motamen-Samadian (2009), trading the country risk degree versus business environment ratings for India in terms of market size would involve evaluating the limit of potential return from India: country’s current size and state characteristics that may hinder development. This would be followed by assessing the risks hindering the potential returns. This would involve an evaluation of the political, economic and business environment that offer uncertainty regarding the realization of the potential returns. Tradeoff would therefore, be achieved by balancing these two variables. Trading the country risk degree versus business environment ratings for India in terms of market growth would involve concentrating on the role of country risk and institutional indicators in predicting the financial performance of India. Country risk rating has a negative association with its financial performance. Therefore, trading off would be achieved by balancing productivity against profitability of the country. Reference Kumar, N., Asheulova, N. (2011). Comparative analysis of BRIC countries. Annals of Library and Information Studies, 58, (3), 228-236. Motamen-Samadian, S. (2009). Risk management in emerging markets. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Preuss, L., Barkemeyer, R. (2012). Emerging country economies: is India a different shape of BRIC?. Corporate Governance, 11, (4), 371-385.

Ida Husted Harper

Ida Husted Harper Known for:  suffrage activism, especially writing articles, pamphlets, and books; official biographer of Susan B. Anthony and author of the last two of six volumes of the History of Woman Suffrage Occupation:  journalist, writer Religion:   UnitarianDates:  February 18, 1851 – March 14, 1931Also Known As: Ida Husted Background, Family Mother: Cassandra Stoddard HustedFather: John Arthur Husted, saddler Education Public schools in IndianaOne year at Indiana UniversityStanford University, did not graduate Marriage, Children Husband: Thomas Winans Harper (married December 28, 1871, divorced February 10, 1890; attorney)Child: Winnifred Harper Cooley, became a journalist Ida Husted Harper Biography Ida Husted was born in Fairfield, Indiana. The family moved to Muncie for the better schools there, when Ida was 10. She attended public schools through high school.  In 1868, she entered Indiana University with the standing of a sophomore, leaving after just a year for a job as a high school principal in Peru, Indiana. She was married in December 1871, to Thomas Winans Harper, a Civil War veteran and attorney.  They moved to Terre Haute. For many years, he was chief counsel for the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, the union headed by Eugene V. Debs. Harper and Debs were close colleagues and friends. Writing Career Ida Husted Harper began writing secretly for Terre Haute newspapers, sending her articles in under a male pseudonym at first.  Eventually, she came to publish them under her own name, and for twelve years had a column in the Terre Haute Saturday Evening Mail called â€Å"A Woman’s Opinion.† She was paid for her writing; her husband disapproved. She also wrote for the newspaper of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen (BLF), and from 1884 to 1893 was editor of that paper’s Woman’s Department. In 1887, Ida Husted Harper became the secretary of the Indiana woman suffrage society.  In this work, she organized conventions in every Congressional district in the state. On Her Own In February 1890, she divorced her husband, then became editor in chief of the Terre Haute Daily News.  She left just three months later, after leading the paper successfully through an election campaign.  She moved to Indianapolis to be with her daughter Winnifred, who was a student in that city at the Girls’ Classical School.  She continued contributing to the BLF magazine and also began writing for the Indianapolis News. When Winnifred Harper moved to California in 1893 to begin studies at Stanford University, Ida Husted Harper accompanied her, and also enrolled in classes at Stanford. Woman Suffrage Writer In California, Susan B. Anthony put Ida Husted Harper in charge of press relations for the 1896 California woman suffrage campaign, under the auspices of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).  She began helping Anthony write speeches and articles.   After the defeat of the California suffrage effort, Anthony asked Harper to help her with her memoirs.  Harper moved to Rochester to Anthony’s home there, going through her many papers and other records. In 1898, Harper published two volumes of the Life of Susan B. Anthony. (A third volume was published in 1908, after Anthony’s death.) The following year Harper accompanied Anthony and others to London, as a delegate to the International Council of Women. She attended the Berlin meeting in 1904, and became a regular attendee of those meetings and also of the International Suffrage Alliance.  She served as chair of the International Council of Women’s press committee from 1899 to 1902. From 1899 to 1903, Harper was editor of a woman’s column in the New York Sunday Sun.  She also worked on a followup to the three-volume History of Woman Suffrage; with Susan B. Anthony, she published volume 4 in 1902.  Susan B. Anthony died in 1906; Harper published the third volume of Anthony’s biography in 1908.   From 1909 to 1913 she edited a woman’s page in Harper’s Bazaar.  She chaired the National Press Bureau of the NAWSA in New York City, a job for which she placed articles in many newspapers and magazines. She toured as a lecturer and traveled to Washington to testify to Congress several times.  She also published many of her own articles for newspapers in major cities. The Final Suffrage Push In 1916, Ida Husted Harper became part of the final push for woman suffrage.  Miriam Leslie had left a bequest to NAWSA that established the Leslie Bureau of Suffrage Education.  Carrie Chapman Catt invited Harper to be in charge of that effort.  Harper moved to Washington for the job, and from 1916 to 1919, she wrote many articles and pamphlets advocating woman suffrage, and also wrote letters to many newspapers, in a campaign to influence public opinion in favor of a national suffrage amendment. In 1918, as she saw that victory was possibly near, she opposed the entrance of a large black women’s organization into the NAWSA, fearing that would lose the support of legislators in the southern states. That same year, she began preparing volumes 5 and 6 of the History of Woman Suffrage, covering 1900 to victory, which came in 1920.  The two volumes were published in 1922. Later Life She stayed on in Washington, residing at the American Association of University Women.  She died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Washington in 1931, and her ashes were buried in Muncie. Ida Husted Harper’s life and work are documented in many books about the suffrage movement.

Labor Relations and Recruitment Know-How Coursework

Labor Relations and Recruitment Know-How - Coursework Example The design of the recruitment process must be attractive enough to encourage job seekers to apply, to be able to select the best-suited candidate for the job description (Meister, 2014). Before we dive deep into the selection and recruitment it is very much necessary for us to understand what selection is and what competencies are. The selection process is designed in such a way that it can help the interviewer to identify the right candidate and have the potential to benefit from the program and become the leaders of tomorrow. Today the selection process starts with the online application form, which helps in selecting the right candidate as per the qualification and experience. In the context of the essay, the selection is referred to as the selection interview, which is nothing but a process where a personnel selector observes a candidate through the behavior and attitude for the suitability of the post. It is the most necessary step in the recruitment process of any organization. The main skill that goes hand-in-hand with selection is to observe or assess the competencies of the candidate to judge the fitment of the position. Competencies are nothing but the ability to a job successfully yet efficiently. In today’s corporate world competency is the main skillset that the recruiter would look into a candidate during the selection process. Modern-day employers give great importance to the competencies of the candidates that they are interviewing for the position. They use the competency frameworks as an essential vehicle to assess the potential future effects of the candidate and also help the interviewer to review capability, performance, and potential of the employee. Two types of competencies that the interviewer would like to see in a potential candidate are behavioral and technical competencies.  

Public safety - mandatory vaccinations on school chilldren (also need Research Paper

Public safety - mandatory vaccinations on school chilldren (also need outline)- - Research Paper Example doza-Vaca representing their minor children presented an Amended Complaint challenging vaccination practice in New York on both the state and the federal law grounds. The plaintiffs claim that they have sincere religious beliefs, which are contrary to immunization practice. In one of their Amendment cause of Action, the three plaintiffs claimed that their religious rights were being violated when the school excluded their children from the school institution because of their religious beliefs thus running counter to the immunization practice. The three plaintiffs argued that the school arbitrarily and unconstitutionally denied their children the right to exercise their religious freedom that was based on the vaccination practice (Phillips v. City of New York. (2014). In this case, the court consolidated the actions of the three plaintiffs. For various reasons, the courts granted the New York City Departments of education and Defendants City of New York motion and dismissed the three plaintiffs on the Amended Protest in its entirety. In reference to Philips vs. New York, number 14-2156-cv, Lynch, Chin and Korman who were the judges upheld the decision of Judge William Kuntz on finding the law passed on constitutional muster. In reviewing the case to terminate pursuant to rule, the judges were supposed to accept the realistic allegations that were set forth by the plaintiffs as true. The children of the three plaintiffs were therefore granted religious exemptions in reference to the mandatory vaccinations. However, despite their religious exemptions, the three plaintiffs still complained of their children’s exclusion from school on every occasion where their children’s schoolmate reported a vaccine preventable disease case. Vaccination against life-threatening diseases remains one of the greatest achievements in health in the United States history. Generally, millions of premature death cases have been prevented while countless children have been rescued from

The Federal Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 and Social Control Essay

The Federal Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 and Social Control - Essay Example By 1970s, however, both progressivism and populism lost their appeal as stand-alone policies (Vito & Allen, 1981). While progressives had failed to provide an alternative to indeterminate sentencing, populism was seen as something that negated the spirit of the law and it was declared that "Federal judges are not responsive to the pulsations of humanity." These themes dominated SRA for some time and culminated in the development of Federal sentencing Act of 1984 with one primary aim i.e. to be fair in the purposes of imprisonment.The US Congress played a slight and indirect role in federal sentencing for about a century or so by vesting into the sentencing judge an unbarred discretion to figure out the appropriate punishment from usually a diverse ambit of potential sentences as been described by law. This rendered the judge to be in total control of sentencing and it was up to the judge only to envisage various aspects of sentencing the relevant aggravating and mitigating circumstan ces and how these all factors jointly contributed to the commissioning of the sentence. The judicial sentences were virtually subject to no review on appeal. The underlying rationale of the whole exercise was based upon "coercive rehabilitation." That invariably involved judge deciding an extensive punishment of long duration and the parole board contemplating release on the grounds of adequate rehabilitation. That whole system relied heavily on the personal discretion of the judge without much accountability. This was naturally bound to criticism as with problems caused as a result of authority wielding undeterred personal discretion and seen largely as foot loose and fancy free scenario. Congress was acutely aware by 1970s of the growing unease among the general public and pervasive problems in the judicial system that were emanating due to the lack of well defined parameters in sentence commissioning. The disparity in the sentencing system lead to a thorough evaluation by Congres s in 1984 in which it was known that the whole system was in the dire need of reform and had lost the necessary credibility required to sustain the public confidence to serve as a sufficient deterrent to crime. It was concluded in that study the inconsistency and disparity in the sentencing system was due to the inadequate sentencing application by the judiciary. Congress took initiative to redress the problem by enacting the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 is also commonly stated as SRA; it drew a comprehensive outline for restructuring of judicial sentencing discretion that essentially changed altogether the sentencing in the federal justice system. The SRA's prime objective was to overcome the chasm of sentencing disparity. The first step that Congress took was to reject the prevalent view of rehabilitation as the foremost goal of sentencing. It redefined the objectivity of sentence as retributive, educational, and deterrent (Howell, 2004). By enacting SRA Congress sought to bring the whole judicial process above board ultimately helping it regain the trust of masses important to discourage crime, revitalizing the system by modifying its dynamics, curbing over dependence on imprisonment and upholding the dignity and discretion of judges faculty. The important points(USSC, 1991) of SRA could be summarized as follow: 1. There should be a clear and comprehensive statement of sentencing of federal law along with

Jainism, Sikhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jainism, Sikhism - Essay Example Sikhism is considered to be a new religion in India when compared to that of other religions such as Jainism or Hinduism. The religion has been founded by Guru Nanak. Some of the unique characteristics of the religion are that they do not belief in pilgrimage, superstitions, fasting as well as other such kinds of rites. It tries to provide services to the community and thus tries to extend its help to the ones who need them. The Sikhs are supposed to dress as per the Guru Gobind Singh’s order. According to the religious doctrines, the Sikhs should also wear turbans. Regular pray and meditation is done by means of repeating the name of the God. The Khalsas’ in the Sikh religion are expected to monitor five K’s such as Kaccha, Kara, Kirpan, Khanga and Kes. This religion does not follow any symbolism or ritualism. There are not any altars or idols in the Gurudwara. The fact that every Gurudwara keeps the holy Sikh Scripture, which is also known as Guru Granth Sahib or Satguru, is a unique characteristic (Pecorino, â€Å"Philosophy of Religion†). It can be mentioned that both the religions namely the Sikhism and the Jainism are of the belief that they are inhabitants to the Indian subcontinent. It was found that like Sikhism, Jainism also refused the power of the Vedas and thus developed independent textual norms and traditions that were based upon the words as well as the illustration of their early teachers. It finally evolved complete new ways of communicating their thoughts with the common people (Apex Learning, â€Å"3e Jainism and Sikhism†). The main similarities of both the religions are that both of them commemorate Diwali, a festival of lights. Jains are strictly vegetarians but the Sikhs are non-vegetarians. However, it can be observed that in Gurdwaras, the food that is served is completely vegetarian so that it is capable of obliging all the segments of the

The Ethical View of Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

The Ethical View of Utilitarianism - Essay Example Utilitarianism is the ethical view that every action is either right/wrong on the basis of the impact that it will create, more specifically if it will produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people.   Deontology, on the other hand, is the ethical view that at least some actions will be right/wrong regardless of the consequences that they produce. Both theories follow different directs and have their own constraints and thresholds. The constraint of deontologists follows from their view that there may be circumstances in which one would be prohibited from taking an action even though it might trigger greatest amount of human happiness. In Engineer Bill’s case, from deontologist’s point of view, Sarah should be saved even though saving Sarah might mean killing a hundred other people in the train. However a utilitarian would opt for saving the train. (Rainbow) In Janitor Joe’s case unless Joe himself volunteers to give his body parts, it will be ethically wrong to forcefully kill him just to save others. In Engineer Bill’s case both Sarah and train were unexpectedly put under circumstances where Bill is left no other option but to choose. Here in Janitor Joe’s case other options can also be looked into and it makes no sense to impose death on someone even if it is at the cost of so many others. In the case of evil Hobo, Bill must save Sara. This is because Sarah has been deliberately framed into such a situation where she is being catapulted towards death. In this case, while utilitarianism may save the life of many but morally and ethically deontologists perspective holds more weight. The threshold for the deontologist is a limit over the amount of harm that the moral allows him to make while threshold for the utilitarian limits him on the amount of harm he can cause. Every situation is different and sometimes the mo ral action needs to be carefully weighed. In each of the aforementioned situation the context in which a particular ethical action followed was very important.

Jainism, Sikhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jainism, Sikhism - Essay Example Sikhism is considered to be a new religion in India when compared to that of other religions such as Jainism or Hinduism. The religion has been founded by Guru Nanak. Some of the unique characteristics of the religion are that they do not belief in pilgrimage, superstitions, fasting as well as other such kinds of rites. It tries to provide services to the community and thus tries to extend its help to the ones who need them. The Sikhs are supposed to dress as per the Guru Gobind Singh’s order. According to the religious doctrines, the Sikhs should also wear turbans. Regular pray and meditation is done by means of repeating the name of the God. The Khalsas’ in the Sikh religion are expected to monitor five K’s such as Kaccha, Kara, Kirpan, Khanga and Kes. This religion does not follow any symbolism or ritualism. There are not any altars or idols in the Gurudwara. The fact that every Gurudwara keeps the holy Sikh Scripture, which is also known as Guru Granth Sahib or Satguru, is a unique characteristic (Pecorino, â€Å"Philosophy of Religion†). It can be mentioned that both the religions namely the Sikhism and the Jainism are of the belief that they are inhabitants to the Indian subcontinent. It was found that like Sikhism, Jainism also refused the power of the Vedas and thus developed independent textual norms and traditions that were based upon the words as well as the illustration of their early teachers. It finally evolved complete new ways of communicating their thoughts with the common people (Apex Learning, â€Å"3e Jainism and Sikhism†). The main similarities of both the religions are that both of them commemorate Diwali, a festival of lights. Jains are strictly vegetarians but the Sikhs are non-vegetarians. However, it can be observed that in Gurdwaras, the food that is served is completely vegetarian so that it is capable of obliging all the segments of the

Islamic Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islamic Art - Essay Example For this reason, construction of mosques as well as other buildings related to religion was considered the responsibility of rulers of that time. Therefore, the patronage of caliphs played an important role in the development of early Islamic art forms. This patronage allowed the birth of Islamic architecture, the decoration of religious buildings and their furnishings; a trend that was previously unknown to the world. In contrast to the art forms of other regions which utilize sculptures or paintings as the predominant form of expression, the Islamic art utilizes decoration as a medium or art and expression. The initial manifestations of this type of art work are seen in monuments and mosques of those times, which portray decoration that is extraordinary and expensive in nature. Due to the vital position of mosques in the Islamic society, decoration as a medium of expression was applied on these buildings during the early period of Islam   (Lapidus 97). Another unique art form ter med calligraphy also started to evolve; this time into patterns that were not only meant to communicate the message of Islam, but also to contribute to the aesthetic value of mosques and other religious buildings. This decorative use of the sacred texts in buildings that was religious in nature paved way for various art forms that were aesthetically appealing to a wider audience. Hence calligraphy started finding place in objects like stone, wood, glass, pottery and textiles. Dome of the rock was built in the seventh century.

Human Behavior in Organization in Global Perspective Essay Example for Free

Human Behavior in Organization in Global Perspective Essay Organizational behavior is a study that investigates the effect that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within an organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organizations effectiveness. Human behavior in organization defines also on how the employees work in certain organization, on how we build the interpersonal relationship towards to the superior and co-workers, according to the Maslow’s theory the people get motivated by the five categories of maslow’s, this would be help the employee to more productive in his work and contribute to the organization, basically, when we speak human behavior in organization, it is the behavior of the employees inside the organization, on now they act in their perspectives work and on how they do their duties inside the organization. How-ever in some cases people get motivated in money, with this they develop their skills in order to get some incentives, money is also one of the factors that people are motivated but there is a negative side on this, sometimes this are this factors that we are always depend in. Human behavior in organization in global perspective defines that on how the employees work in different company and also the relationship on organization to another organization, it is also the motivating factor of the bout company and the employee on how they interact inside and outside the organization, in order them to build the relationship inside and outside of the organization, it is also make the organization be more effectiveness. One of those motivating factors is the ethics, basically ethics in organization is important to make the employees be more productive to their work, and ethics defines as the character of one person. In human behavior in organization in global perspective is the relationship of one people to another, it is also the relationship of one country to another in order to build a trust, for example the manager of one organization will go in other country to for some proposal of business in order to get the heart of the one country the leader must build a trust to his company first, with this global perspective defines as on how we deal to another. In management global perspective one of the keys to successful management is the ability to understand andapply modern management principles and techniques effectively. Managersmust develop an in-depth knowledge of past and present models, theories andprocesses in order to manage effectively and intelligently. Contemporarymanagement practice is pervasive in every aspect of human life within all typesof organizations

How Should They Practice CSR Activities Efficiently Commerce Essay

How Should They Practice CSR Activities Efficiently Commerce Essay The current focus of corporate social responsibility for corporations is no longer on how they implement CSR activities, but on how should they practice CSR activities efficiently and effectively (Roberts, 2003). During the last three decades, more and more companies, especially the large multinational corporations, have implemented and set up series of voluntary codes of conduct, formulated sustainability strategies and also announced and implemented environmental annual reports to engage in corporate social responsibilities. Indeed many multinational corporations have made efforts to engage in their corporate social responsibility by dealing with environmental and social issues in global supply chains. However, there is still a gap between the desirability of supply chain sustainability in theory and the implementation of sustainability in practice (Bowen et al., 2001; Andersen Skjoett-Larsen, 2009). In discussing the different aspects of corporate social responsibility; one issue needs to be particularly pointed out that this study cannot cover every single aspect of corporate social responsibility practices in terms of definition, application as well as management aspects. After all, corporate social responsibility cannot be easily disentangled from the companys operations. Since CSR is a complex concept and issue, it is embedded within the organisation from top to bottom and also across the global span of operations. This study focus on the key issues related to CSR practices in the global supply chains. Research questions and purpose This study is going to identify a conceptual framework for understanding and analysing CSR practices in global supply chains. The purpose of this study is going to address following research questions: Understanding corporate social responsibility and supply chains in the global context. How is corporate social responsibility related to and applied in global supply chains? How are corporate social responsibility activities and practices implemented and managed in a specific chosen multinational corporation- Primark? Structure of this study Chapter two explains the broad literature review on corporate social responsibility and supply chain management. In chapter three, methodology and data collection will be explained. Chapter four contains a theoretical framework of globalisation, corporate social responsibility as a challenge of business in a global context, supply chain in the globalisation, corporate social responsibility in global supply chains as well as the motivations of implementing CSR practices within supply chains. And how these concepts are interrelated will be also discussed in this section. Chapter five will provide empirical findings from a case study-Primark. Chapter six includes analysis of this study. Chapter seven will consist with conclusions, discussions, and limitations of this study as well as the academic and practical recommendations. Chapter eight is mainly followed by a reference list and the appendixes. The overall structure of this study is showing in the Figure 1. Figure 1. The structure of this study Literature review The main purpose of this section is going to provide a theoretical framework. It basically identifies the literature achievements and some current social issues that organisations confront with. Firstly, this section is going to explain three different concepts respectively including globalisation, corporate social responsibility and supply chain management. Then this section will explain how the process of globalisation influences the corporate social responsibility and global supply chains. This section is going to summarise the main motivations of implementing CSR practices in the global supply chains. An interrelated relationship between these concepts will also be identified. Globalisation Globalisation has become a common social phenomenon. Hines and Bruce (2007) provide a description of globalisation as the ways in which markets have converged throughout the world and the ways in which production poles have shifted geographically to satisfy global consumers. Levy (1995, p. 353) also presents the definition of globalisation from the economic point of view as the increasing internationalisation of the production, distribution and marketing of goods and services. Some academic researches argue that one motivation of globalisation could be the deliberate political decisions (Scherer Palazzo, 2009), supported by technological, social and economic development. The growing cross- area and cross- country transfer of resources in terms of assets, capital as well as knowledge, also foster the progress of globalisation (Scherer Palazzo, 2009). Along with globalisation, multilateral agreements and intergovernmental organisations are increasingly developed during the last three decades to regulate and maintain growth, stability and a minimum standard of living in the context of globalisation. The members of these intergovernmental organisations all agree to secure and maintain fair and human working conditions in home countries and countries where they have economic relationships with (Crane, Matten Spence, 2008). Although there are many agreements, regulations and intergovernmental organisations, in this section is going to discuss three of them which are most related to this study, including International Labour Organisation (ILO), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and also International Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO). The following portion is going to give a brief introduction and description of these multilateral agreements and intergovernmental organisations, identifying their potential to regulate gl obal standards for all nation states as well as multinational corporations. International Labour Organisation (ILO) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) developed at the end of WWII leads to the breakdown of trade barriers and encourages cross-border trade and investments (Scherer Palazzo, 2009). International Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO) International Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO) are non-official, non-profit, professional organisations with a distinctive legal character, focusing on engaging and maintaining public welfare (Crane, Matten Spence, 2008; Clarke, 1998). The main public issues NGOs focus on are human rights, gender discrimination, social welfare, working and living conditions, the environmental issues, agricultural development and so on (Clarke, 1998). NGOs play an important role in working with national governments, international organisations as well as multinational corporations by using the net work of members to collect information related to specific issues (Ottaway, 2001). Many multinational corporations increasing confront with pressures from NGOs, to govern their behaviours based on various international agreements and codes of conduct. However, empirical studies and reviews suggest a link between corporate social responsibility, NGOs, and organisational performance (Doh Guay, 2004). As long as the multinational corporations believe those codes that NGOs provide could become uniform standard in their industry, they are willing to obey and agree those codes to gain global first mover competitive advantages which could improve efficiency and performance as well as build positive image in the long term. Researches in the role of NGOs in development of global corporate responsibility focus on the increasing growth in NGO influence as well as the involvement of government and corporations (Doh Guay, 2004). Corporate social responsibility Definitions of corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility is a debated subject and study concept in contemporary business and academia. It is also regarded as an important topic for research and worth for study (Burton Goldsby, 2009). Since the beliefs and cognitions about the relationship between corporations and larger society vary with the relevant issues of the day, there is lack of strong consensus on a definition for CSR. The most commonly cited definition is described by Archie Carroll (1979) as the social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time. Whats more, Matten and Moon (2004) offer further description of CSR as a cluster concept which overlaps with such concepts as business ethics, corporate philanthropy, corporate citizenship, sustainability, and environmental responsibility. It is a dynamic and contestable concept that is embedded in each social, political, economic and institu tional context.'(Crane, Matten Spence, 2008) Maignan and Ferrell (2004) develop a brief overview of conceptualisation of corporate social responsibility by summarising four different perspectives on CSR. The first perspective stated by Maignan and Ferrell (2004) is to view CSR as social obligation. Bowen (1953) states that organisations should take social obligations to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of society. Whats more, in the later literatures, Carroll (1979) distinguished social responsibility into a pyramid (Shown in the Figure 2.) with four different layers which are economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Companies should make profit with obeying the law, as well as act ethically in the business activities. Philanthropic responsibility is about corporate actions in response to societys expectations at the same time engaging in promoting goodwill or welfare (Gronvius Lemborg, 2009; Maas, 2010). Another perspective of corporate social responsibility is to view as stakeholder obligation (Maignan Ferrell, 2004). Stakeholder trust has a significant impact on the contribution to the long term success of the corporation. It is important for the organisation to take stakeholders interests into account. A stakeholder is defined by Freeman (1984:46) as any group or individual who can affect, or is affect by, the achievements of organisation objectives. Henriques and Sadorky (1999) identify four main stakeholders of organisations which are organisational stakeholders (including employees, customers, shareholders and suppliers), community stakeholders (including local residents and special interest groups), regulatory stakeholders (such as municipalities, regulatory systems and governments) as well as media stakeholders (Chung, 2005). Basically, the corporation has the responsibility and obligations to meet the rights and interests of all legitimate stakeholders, simultaneously, stak eholders place ethical expectations on business because they have a reciprocal relationship. However, how to balance the competing interests of these stakeholders is a crucial issue to organisations. The corporation has the responsibility for balancing delicately the multiple claims of conflicting stakeholders. However, the complex stakeholder terms make the decision-making process more complicated. It is also a major CSR challenge that companies could face during managing global supply chains. The third perspective mentioned by Maignan and Ferrell (2004) is CSR as ethics driven which implies that CSR practices are driven by the self-interests of a company. However, according to Jones (1995), when CSR is viewed as ethical driven, there is a lack of normative criteria to evaluate whether the business practices and activities should be considered as socially responsible. Thus CSR should be viewed as a self-developed regulatory mechanism based on its own interest independent of stakeholders obligations. The forth perspective stated by Maignan and Ferrell (2004) is that CSR is managerial processes. Under this perspective, Ackerman (1975) identified three main activities of corporate social responsiveness including monitoring and assessing environmental conditions, attending to stakeholder demands, designing plans and policies aimed at enhancing the firms positive impacts. Whats more Wartick and Cochran (1985) as well as Wood (1991) pointed out that issues management and environmental assessment could contribute to achieve a proactive social responsibility stance. Figure 2. Carrolls (1991) pyramid of corporate social responsibility By summarising the literatures of corporate social responsibility, there are two main characteristics of corporate social responsibility (Maas, 2010; Andersen Skjoett-Larsen, 2009; Crane, Matten Spence, 2008). The first one is the voluntary activities of companies in the realm of social and environmental issues that go beyond the law. Corporate social responsibility offers a more voluntary approach to address the role of corporations in society and manage externalities coherently, comprehensively and professionally. Another core characteristic is the relationship between business and larger society. Corporate social responsibility includes a wider consideration of interests and impacts of different stakeholders rather than just shareholders. The group of stakeholders and interest groups include customers, suppliers, employees, NGOS, the local community representatives, etc. The evaluation of capabilities and competences of companies is not just limited in a matter of making profits . Corporate social responsibility: a global challenge In a global context of corporate social responsibility, the literature on the study concept, both academic and practitioner, is wide and considerably large (Crane, Matten Spence, 2008). Various international institutions have set up guidelines and standards to make sure companies observe certain rules of conducts. Corporations pursue growth and market share through globalisation, they have confronted with several challenges that may limit the ability of gaining potential profits and organisational growth. These challenges may come from government regulations, environmental restrictions, tariffs and trade barriers. Crane, Matten and Spence (2008) conclude three main challenges for CSR in a global context. The first one is building new social capacities. In a global context of corporate social responsibility, the social meaning and definition differ in different regions of the globe. Thus, managing corporate social responsibility is not just enforced by the companies themselves and the legal framework issued by national government, it is also essential to consider and acknowledge the specific global standards and regional actual circumstances in which corporations practice and manage CSR. This current issue requires companies establish new roles or even found new operational department beyond their traditional expertise to develop partnerships with NGOs and local governments to address these issues. The second challenge mentioned by Crane, Matten and Spence (2008) is the involvement in rule-making. Under the nature of global governance, in a certain extent, corporations are involved in setting the rules of trade agreements, standardisation efforts as well as economic agreements. The participation in rule-making process makes corporations become the rule-maker as well as the rule-taker which could better implement and observe the regulations and standards they have agreed upon. The third challenge for CSR is broader accountability (Crane, Matten Spence, 2008). The accountabilities of CSR involve human rights, health care and education, global poverty and environmental issues such as global warming. At the global level, the accountabilities of CSR become more complex, broader and delicate. As mentioned above, it cannot merely focus on the local social and environmental issues, corporations also have responsibility and obligation on the countries they have economic relations with. However, more and more companies see corporate social responsibility as an opportunity rather than a threat in the global context, in order to increase market share, innovative power and employee motivation as well as cost advantages, Corporate social responsibility in a global context is no longer only on the agenda of large, multinational corporations, some small and medium enterprises which are involved in the network of international suppliers and customers also hold accountable for certain activities within the supply chains (Cramer, 2006). The way in which CSR is institutionalised, harmonised and practiced in the global context is fluctuating. Review of different motivations for CSR Supply chain management Handfield and Nichols (1999) present a definition and description of supply chain as the supply chain encompasses all activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods from the raw material stage through to the end-user, as well as the associated information flows. Material and information flow both up and down the supply chain. Supply chain management (SCM) is the integration of these activities through improved supply chain relationships to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage (Handfield Nichols, 1999, p.2; Cited in ). The supply chain management consists with various interdependent activities from sourcing and purchasing, production, distribution and transportation as well as sales that operate and manufacture in both the developing and developed countries around the globe (Chung, 2005) , as shown in the Figure 3. Figure 3. Key activities in the supply chain management cycle (Chung, 2005) QQà ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾20120820202923.png Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the practice journals in the apparel sector developed the term pipeline to explain the whole process of raw materials through manufacturing processes to the final customer (KSA, 1987; Hunter, 1990; Hunter et al., 1993; Hunter and Valentino, 1995; Hines, 2007). More recently, demand chains and value networks (Hines, 2007) are used to describe supply chains which emphases the role of customers and adopts the trend of rapid changing customer demands. Figure 4 shows the supply chain process cycles. Figure 4. Supply chain process cycles (Hines, 2004; Cited in Hines Bruce, 2007) There are numbers of different perspectives on the development of the concept of supply chain management. Based on the analysis of Hines (2007), there are mainly four perspectives of managing supply chains. First one is to focus on improving productivity internally of supply chain management. The second perspective extends the first concern with productivity to improve operations. The third wave, which was developed in the transport and distribution literature and now is synthesised in the logistics literature, mainly concerned with moving goods efficiently. The forth and latest perspective emphases the important role played by customers within the demand chain. The development of supply chain increases the complexity and flexibility requiring organisations to deal with. During the last decades, active responsiveness to the supply chain has is becoming more and more important. Table 1 shows the main shift in analytic focus of supply chain over time (Hines Bruce, 2007). Table 1. Analytic focus From (pre-1990) To (post-1990 to present) Predominantly internal focus Operations (Internal efficiency) Exchange/transactional focus Functional processes (silo mentality?) Cost efficiency (inputs/outputs) Physical processes Product quality (only major concern) Simple (e.g. dynamic structures and relationships) Traditional linear supply chains Inventory management Predominantly external (dyadic, chain, network) Strategies (external market orientation) Relationship/structure focus Integration Value added (outputs/inputs) Financial, informational and virtual processes Service quality and total quality approaches Complex structures (e.g. networks) Digital supply chains (value nets) Information and customer service Source: Hines, 2004, Purchasing and supply chain literature from 1930s to present day (Cited in Hines Bruce, 2007). Until recently, most of the literatures and practice of supply chain management emphases on issues that relate to cost-efficiency of supply chains, relationships with supply chain partners, supply chain strategies, customer services as well as different types of supply chains. However, the increasing sourcing organisational activities and building partnership in developing countries as well as the increasing concern about environmental and social issues has led new social concepts which is normally recognised as sustainable supply chains, aiming at improving and protecting the companies and employees within the supply networks. The focus of sustainable supply is not only on the local optimisation of environmental factors, but also on the consideration of the entire supply chain processes. During the last decade, the study concept of supply chain sustainability has been received great interest in both academia and the practitioners (Hassini, Surti Searcy, 2012). Since companies are s uffering great pressures from various stakeholders, particularly from government regulators, non-government organisations (NGOs), as well as the global competition, a large number of companies have engaged in the commitment to corporate social responsibility practices. Hassini, Surti and Searcy (2012) provide a definition about sustainable supply chain management by summarising different academic and social concepts including business sustainability (Crane Matten, 2007) and the triple bottom line (Elkington, 1997), as the management of supply chain operations, resources, information, and funds in order to maximise the supply chain profitability while at the same time minimising the environmental impacts and maximising the social well-being. These definition emphases the importance of balancing and satisfying conflicting interests of multiple stakeholders. By analysing and summaries the literatures on the supply chain management and sustainable supply chains, there is a lack of appropriate and systematic performance measures and framework for supply chains which makes it difficult to evaluating the sustainability initiatives in supply chain management (Lehtinen Ahola, 2010; Hassini, Surti Searcy, 2012). The internationalisation of supply chains The process of globalisation creates competitive pressures for clothing and textile producers to search for ways to lower production costs, especially for the fast fashion, which is required quick respond to customer demands, high seasonal variation and creative design. Organisations improve and take efficiency measures from internal to a single organisation or network of organisations locked in a continuous supply chain. The second way that organisations to lower their production costs is to search lower cost sources of supply throughout the globe in order to find locations where conditions are more favourable than in the home market (Hines and Bruce, 2007). This process will create the global supply chains. Under conditions of globalisation, products are no longer manufactured and produced in just one country, but designed and produced in different production sites in various locations around the world which is a result of global investment (Homann, Koslowski Luetge, 2007). Globalisation has two facets which are globalisation of production and globalisation of markets, which means globalisation is present at the production stage as well as the retail stage. Primary products are increasingly manufactured in different production sites around the globe to benefit from lower labour costs, raw materials as well as the lower cost of transportation, which could increase the degree of division of labour. Homann, Koslowski and Luetge (2007) illustrate that division of labour could take place when manufacturers of primary products at different locations. Globalisation accelerates the process of international division of labour both in vertical integration and in the supply chain. Apparel manufacture is one of the areas that globalisation has offered significant cost reduction opportunities, due to high labour content and cost- effective to transport. As a result of globalisation, both multinational companies and local manufacturers in the apparel industry have benefited tremendously from cost reduction. Based on the statement of Cramer (2006), the globalisation of supply chains has led to heavy social criticism, especially when companies using child labour or working in countries that violate fundamental human rights, which damages companies reputation. During the last decade, one of the key business trends resulted by globalisation is the outsourcing key business and operation activities to suppliers and subcontractors. Based on the description of GEMI (2001), this trend has made certain suppliers more critical, extends liability throughout the lifecycle, and the result is a significant shift of corporate environmental, health and safety risks and opportunit ies off siteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As a consequence, some of those business risks and opportunities may become Procurements responsibility (Cited in Roberts, 2003) Based on the statement of Dicken (1998, p. 283), the textiles and clothing industries are the first manufacturing industries which are shifted by globalisation. The phenomenon of globalisation has shaped the structure, strategies and consequences in the textile and clothing industries. Global shifts in these industries also increase the trade tensions between developed and developing world (Hines Bruce, 2007). During the last three decades, many corporations restructure organisations and outsource many functional and traditional activities to the companies in the developing countries. Efficient and effective supply chains are essential to manage customer demand and brand operations, especially for the high-changeable fashion and apparel industry. The reasons that organisations pay attention on the supply chain management are due to the trend of globalisation, the reducing time of pushing into the market, as well as the rising standard of customer demands. Globalization has significa ntly changed the international market. Traditional supply chain is moving to the direction of the development of the globally integrated supply chain, becoming a cross-functional and cross-regional supply chain. Sustainable supply chain management plays an important role in maintaining brand integrity, ensuring business continuity and controlling operating costs. The main purpose to promote sustainable supply chain is to build long-term environmental, social and economic value. By continuing construction of the supply chain, companies could protect their long-term capabilities. The process of globalisation is one major reason of increasing reliance of corporations on suppliers and sub-suppliers (Welford, 2002). Thus the supply chain is more and more complex and international. This is what makes global supply chains within fashion markets and fashion marketing worth to study. The traditional supply chain management (SCM) is the process of the business operations in terms of supply chain planning, execution and control in order to maximise its efficiency. In general, the whole process of supply chain management could range from raw material acquisition, components, manufacture, logistics, quality services to pre-retail services including labelling and packaging (Hines Bruce, 2007). In order to reduce costs and improve efficiency, most of modern multinational corporations choose supply chain outsourcing services, namely, as the identity of the buyers chooses the most cost-effective suppliers (including foundries and logistics companies, etc.) to complete their production as well as enhance the marginal benefit. However, to maximise the efficiency as a prerequisite, the traditional supply chain management ignores the social and environmental factors, and therefore in the past decades, corporate social responsibility in supply chain management became a new m anagement philosophy in many organisations. Therefore how to better manage the supply chain performance and enhance their capacity is very worthy of study. Many well-known multinational enterprises, taking the cost of production into account, come to the Asian countries like China, India, etc., to corporate with local companies to manufacture their products. Since the majority of suppliers in developing countries are labour-intensive enterprises, and the relevant enforcement of laws and regulations needs to be improved, therefore working conditions are unsatisfactory. Frequent overtime, unpaid wages, under minimum wage standard happen consistently. Along with media exposure and NGOs fierce criticism of sweatshops in especially Europe and the United States as well as other countries, multinational enterprises are beginning to require suppliers to comply with the Code of Conduct (CoC) and the relevant laws and regulations in the location of the suppliers (environmental protection law, labour law, etc.) to conduct the labour and environmental requirements and policies. Subsequently a lot of industrial standards, such as the garment industr y, WRAP, EICC of electronic industry, the ICTI of the toy industry, and chemical industrys Responsible Care. In order to ensure the performance of suppliers in terms of labour and environment performance, internal staff or third-party would be sent to the supplier factories for review and evaluation. If the quality and feature of products are dissatisfaction, the suppliers will be asked to provide assistance to make improvements or even cancel the order. Corporate social responsibility in supply chain management For suppliers, the meaning and definition of CSR is relatively narrow, is merely about how to meet customers needs, achieve social and environmental compliance, such as timely payment of wages, make sure working hours, in order to maintain operational order and ensure efficiency and effectiveness. CSR for the majority of suppliers is only about law-abiding, however, they do not properly understand the benefits of the implementation of CSR, and thus they just implement the so-called CSR improvement involuntarily. Despite the long history of CSR, applications of CSR concepts to supply chain management have only emerged in the last few years. Sustainable supply chain management is about management of supply chains where all the three dimensions of sustainability, in terms of the economic, environmental and social sustainability, are taken into account. Supply chain relationships have a critical impact in a global world. In order to advantage from low labour wages, more and more companies frequently outsource part of or even whole business activities to companies in developing countries. When sustainable SCM principles are adopted, the companies are accountable for the social and environmental impacts along the supply chain, and are compelled to integrate ecological and social aspects into their decisions and actions along their supply chains. When supply chain relationships involve developing countries, companies also need to take responsibility for the well-being and performance of small upstr eam producers that work in those countries. The Figure 5 shows some CSR issues that companies may confront with in managing their global supply chains. Figure 5. Examples of CSR issues in supply chains (Neergaard and Pedersen, 2005, p. 103; Cited in Pedersen Andersen, 2006) Therefore, helping supplier social responsibility should focus on how to make suppliers understand the business value of CSR, how to reflect the return on invest

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1. Give several examples of the diversity of living things. Organism inhabits almost every place on Earth. Even the most extreme locations contain life. Tiny organisms inhabit the Antarctic ice, giant worms live near hot vents on the ocean floor, and some organisms even live inside other organisms. 2.Explain how the parts of the biosphere interact to maintain life. Organisms interact with earth other and with the environment. A meat eater will eat a grass eater, who feeds on plants, then the meat eater will die and return minerals to the soil, to make more plants for the grass eater to feed on, which is then eaten by another meat eater. As well nonliving things also play a large part in the survival of organisms including sunlight, atmospheric gases, water and minerals. 3. Describe how biology affects five areas of life: food, clothing, shelter, health, and fuel. Food: We can not survive more than 3 months without food. And all foods come from living things, or indirectly from the products of organisms. Biology studies farming, pest control, livestock management, nutrition, food processing, and food preservation to improve the quality and quantity of food. Clothing: Clothing's main purpose in our lives is protection from the environment. Most clothing is made from biological products, Wool, silk, and leather come from animal products. Cotton and linen are common plant materials used for clothing. Shelter: Shelter protects organisms from the changing conditions...

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Louis XIV and Peter the Great   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Louis XIV and Peter the Great were famous rulers of the late 17th- early 18th Centuries. Both took the throne at a young age and both had many strengths and weaknesses. Louis XIV had many strengths during his reign as ruler of France. Appointing Jean Baptiste Colbert as his minister of finance made some of his greatest strengths and accomplishments. One strength was that of mercantilism, which is an economic theory under which a country increases its wealth by exporting more goods than it imports. By accomplishing this, Louis XIV made himself and France very wealthy. More wealth was made when a balance of trade brought more gold and silver into France. A high tax was placed on imports and that also earned money. Soon, Fran...

A critical analysis of the role and functioning of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as it relates to Newland

Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the role and functioning of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as it relates to Newland. Details about the WTO Agreement are presented as well as about the full impact of WTO membership. Positive and negative aspects of WTO membership are outlined in order to provide a relevant account of the role and impact of this international institution on the functioning of member states, including Newland. The paper also presents information about the traditional notion of state sovereignty and how the process of globalisation forces people to rethink this notion and replace it with the idea of welfare states. Introduction The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been equally praised and criticised as a global institution which is responsible for the maintenance of trade between countries (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). Representatives of different movements, such as Globaphile and Globaphobe, have introduced their arguments regarding the impact of WTO. Clarifying the purpose of WTO and the WTO Agreement is important to provide significant insights into the functioning of organisations in the field of global trade (Daemmrich, 2011). The objective of this paper is to critically analyse the role and functioning of WTO as it relates to Newland. Purpose of WTO and WTO Agreement The World Trade Organisation (WTO) emerged as an influential body in the global business environment. As an international organisation, WTO deals with the global principles of trade between different nations. The major function of WTO is to ensure that global trade relations are conducted in a free, proper and smooth manner (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). The core of the system is represented by the nature of multilateral trade relations which have been specified as WTO’s agreements. The majority of trading countries is responsible for signing and negotiating these agreements. Some of the main agreements presented by this institution include Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Therefore, such agreements emerge as a solid legal foundation for international trade (Matsushita et al. 2006). As a result, member countries are guaranteed essential trade rights. In addition, national governments are required to maintain their trade policies within specific limits in order to comply with the interests of all global stakeholders (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). The primary goal of WTO is to contribute to the improved welfare of the populations of the member countries. WTO is also responsible for providing a forum for negotiations among countries. It ensures the proper functioning of a dispute settlement mechanism (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). Standards of living can substantially increase along with economic growth. Countries can achieve these objectives by allowing for the optimal use of global resources in line with the broader perspective of sustainable development (Matsushita et al., 2006). The core WTO rules and disciplines are about opening foreign markets for the benefit of multinationals, the EU and the United States. It would be in the interest of Newland to accept a series of new international obligations. It has been argued that WTO’s system for resolving trade disputes between member countries has achieved a substantial success (Van den Bossche and Zdouc, 2013). The WTO Agreement indicates the condition that each WTO member should ensure compliance with its laws and regulations. A significant part of the commitments in this sector refer to the issue of reviewing and appealing administrative decisions. The WTO Agreement will prevail over Newland’s Constitution in terms of requiring a revision of the country’s laws and regulations (Daemmrich, 2011). Newland’s laws should be consistent with the requirements specified by the WTO Agreement. For instance, Newland may consider the opportunity to create tribunals or relevant processes for the review of all administrative actions (Milner, 2005). The implementation of national treatment and conformity assessment is required to improve Newland’s courts. The country may confirm that all laws and legislative aspects or tools pertaining to WTO provisions may be adopted. It has been reflected in the literature that most constitutions enable central governments with an opportunit y to regulate trade and commerce relations with other nations (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). Yet, the interpretation of these legal provisions remains challenging and unclear. The wide objective of the WTO Agreement has become a complex factor. Newland is expected to describe its constitutional arrangements and thus its WTO obligations need to be applied in a uniform manner throughout the country’s territory (Van den Bossche and Zdouc, 2013). Impact of WTO Membership The full impact of WTO membership reflects in the promotion of peace between countries, handling of dispute by applying constructive thinking and in the idea that rules are established easier for all members (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). In addition, free trade tends to reduce the cost of living by providing a wide range of choices to consumers in terms of products and quality. Other significant effects that may improve the economic performance of Newland relate to extensive economic growth, increased national income and appropriate governance which adhere to solid legal principles and standards (Milner, 2005). WTO membership can help Newland present a balanced view of trade policy. The focus is on balance in the international economic and political system. As a result, the country’s government would be better placed to defend itself against lobbying practiced by narrow interest groups (Narlikar, 2005). Emphasis would be set on trade-offs that represent the interests of all stakeholders in the economy. Newland should be committed to an independent judicial review as part of WTO’s paradigm for the governance of legal principles (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). It is important to improve the body of legislation and judicial interpretations which could be achieved through WTO membership. Notion of State Sovereignty and Impact of Globalisation The traditional notion of state sovereignty refers to a non-physical entity present at the international legal system which is dominated by one centralised government. In accordance with international law, state sovereignty indicates that a sovereign state should have a strictly defined territory, permanent population and one government (Milner, 2005). However, the process of globalisation forces individuals to rethink this concept. Globalisation has presented a dual impact on the sovereignty of states. The framework of human rights has outlined a sense of obligation of the state towards its citizens. Yet, as a result of globalisation, the social contract has a welfare component attached to it (Narlikar, 2005). The process of economic integration facilitated through the mechanisms of trade and development as well as WTO membership has limited the provision of policy options to states. In turn, this aspect has led to countries’ diminished capacity to meet the expected economic and legal obligations (Milner, 2005). For instance, such countries may encounter difficulties in complying with essential legal standards and principles in the global context. The traditional notion of state sovereignty has been replaced by growing understanding of nation states as welfare states. Such shift of perception has indicated that the focus on welfare is a leading element of the global concept of sovereignty. In other words, the idea of state sovereignty has been subjected to changes over time. The focus is on providing social security to the citizens of these states (Daemmrich, 2011). This may be the situation in the state of Newland. Economic globalisation has demonstrated an increased scope which reflected in the economic and legal functioning of Newland. Essential aspects of economic globalisation include the devaluation of currencies, strict regulation of capital markets and substantial public spending which has led to significant public deficits (Dhar, 2013). However, WTO membership can guarantee Newland better integration of its trade and legal system. The country may take proper risks, open up its fiscal market and determine its own polic y outcomes. In an attempt to provide the most reasonable course of action to Newland, it is essential to explore the negative effects associated with the country’s WTO membership. It has been stated that WTO is undemocratic, as this institution lacks transparency (Milner, 2005). The lack of transparency is a serious problem to countries considering the inappropriate mechanisms of governance undertaken by different states. The WTO rules are prepared for corporations that have an access to the negotiations. Moreover, WTO usually undertakes actions to privatise significant services, including education and health care. Another negative effect of WTO membership is that this international organisation undermines national sovereignty and local decision making (Dhar, 2013). An argument presented in this line is that developing countries are prevented from the opportunity to create local laws. It can be argued that developing countries are in a more unfavourable position with regards to the legal system compared to developed countries. The requirement of being internationally competitive poses significant challenges to WTO members (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). That is why Newland should outweigh the advantages and negative effects associated with WTO membership in order to make an adequately informed decision. Conclusion The present paper analysed the role and functioning of WTO as it relates to Newland. Numerous arguments in favour and against WTO’s dominant role in international trade and development have been introduced (Narlikar, 2005). The prevailing function of the WTO Agreement has been discussed in the paper along with the full impact of WTO membership. Other important sections of the paper included the notion of state sovereignty and the impact of globalisation (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). It has been argued that the process of globalisation has altered the way in which nation states function and regulate their trade. Yet, it has been concluded that Newland may benefit from WTO membership if it strictly adheres to essential economic and legal principles outlined by the international organisation. References Daemmrich, A. (2011). ‘The Evolving Basis for Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization: Dispute Settlement and the Rebalancing of Global Interests’. Harvard Business School. Working Paper 12-041. Devuyst, Y. and Serdarevic, A. (2007). ‘The World Trade Organization and Regional Trade Agreements: Bridging the Constitutional Credibility Gap’. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, vol. 18(1), pp1-75. Dhar, B. (2013). ‘The Future of the World Trade Organisation’. ADBI Working Paper. Matsushita, M., Schoenbaum, T. J. and Mavroidis, P. C. (2006). The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice, and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Milner, H. V. (2005). ‘Globalization, Development, and International Institutions: Normative and Positive Perspectives’. Review Essay, vol. 3(4), pp833-854. Narlikar, A. (2005). The World Trade Organization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Van den Bossche, P. and Zdouc, W. (2013). The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text Cases and Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.