Saturday, December 28, 2019
Aids To The Growth of Christianity in The Roman Empire Essay
Aids to the Growth of Christianity in the Roman Empire In the Roman Civilization where the prevalent worship of Roman gods were impersonal and did not provide a moral base or a message of hope, in the fourth century Christianity was formed, born as a movement within Judaism. Christianity emphasized the personal relationship between God and people, slowly spread through the Roman Empire until ultimately dominating the western culture. Three of the several factors that aided to the growth of Christianity in the Roman Empire were: the central beliefs and value of Christianity, prominent figures, and Christianity appeal to women. Christianity offered hope to many, for it was the time of grace and freedom, the time to rebuild the future andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Christianity prevailed over paganism because the former successfully offered a new culture that could make sense of an increasingly chaotic world and because it was not weakened by the pluralism inherent in ancient paganism. With its insistence on exclusive monotheistic worshi p of the Christian God it won where paganism could only fail, in demanding solitary allegiance to its movement (Hamilton 38). In demanding such commitment, those won to Christianity were far more connected to its goals and purposes than believers to the general pagan movement. Further, ââ¬Å"for Christians that were already firmly committed, the benefits of esteem and other worldly rewards far outweighed whatever cost in suffering martyrdom might bring. Paganism had nothing analogous to win such enthusiastic commitmentâ⬠(Hamilton 38). Whereas, Christianity promised life after death in heaven while in the Roman religion, only gods went to heaven; emperors were considered gods, everyone else went to the underworld. In addition, there were prominent figures and leader during this time that also aided in the growth of Christianity. The most prominent figure of Christianity was Jesus who started this new religion. Around the age of thirty when Jesus began his teaching ministry, Jews of various classes heard Jesusââ¬â¢ message, and he soon had a small group of followers that believed that he was the Messiah who would deliver the Jews promised by God to the prophets. ââ¬Å"PerformingShow MoreRelatedComparing Revelation On The Relationship Of Church And State1215 Words à |à 5 PagesEusebius on the Relationship of Church and State After reading chapters twelve through thirteen and seventeen through nineteen from the book of Revelation, I have attained knowledge that allows me to see how the author of Revelation perceives the Roman Empire. From the beginning of chapter twelve it is clearly portrayed that the woman who is in the sky, about to give birth, is meant to symbolize Mary the mother of Jesus, or even Israel, the birthplace of Jesus. The Dragon of course, represents SatanRead MoreThe Fullness of Time1279 Words à |à 6 PagesChrist call attention to the words spoken by Paul in Galatians, ââ¬Å"When the fullness of time had come, God sent forth his Son.â⬠The religious preparations for the advent of the Messiah and the subsequent rapid emergence of Christianity were brought about politically by the Romans and intellectually by the Greeks, while the religious contribution of the Jews was more intimate because of heredity. ââ¬Å"In the period of Christianityââ¬â¢s birth and during the first thre e centuries of its existence, conditionsRead MoreThe Catholic Church during the 7th and 8th Century1213 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Papacy in Rome became powerful in the 6th century, successfully continuing to be in power throughout the 9th century. The great altitude was reached by the Church when the Roman Empire was torn apart by the barbarians and then ripped throughout Europe. Western Europe is grateful to its preservation due to the rise of the Church. Nothing would manage to survive in the middle ages, if there had not been the alliance of the churches with the barbarian royalty, contributing to the preservation ofRead MoreConstantine And Christianity Of The Roman Empire1350 Words à |à 6 PagesConstantine and Christianity in the Roman Empire Religion has always been an important force in the lives of common people. In the early centuries, Christianity was developing with a great influence to affect the Roman world. Constantine came to power in the Western provinces of the Roman Empire as an advocate of religious toleration. Constantineââ¬â¢s advocacy for religious toleration alongside his conversion marked a turning point of the Roman world and drove the spread Christianity. With Diocletianââ¬â¢sRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1224 Words à |à 5 Pagesalways been an important force in the lives of common people. In the early centuries, Christianity was developing with a great influence to affect the Roman world. Constantine came to power in the Western provinces of the Roman Empire as an advocate of religious toleration. Constantineââ¬â¢s advocacy for religious toleration alongside his conversion marks a turning point of the Roman world and drives the spread Christianity. With Diocletianââ¬â¢s abdication in 305 A.D., Constantineââ¬â¢s troops acclaimed him asRead MoreThe Expansion Of The Roman Empire866 Words à |à 4 Pagesestablishment of the Holy Roman Empire. Agricultural improvements brought increased food supplies, which encouraged urbanization, manufacturing, and trade. In the high middle ages, Roman Catholic Christianity was the cultural foundation of European society. The church advanced educational institutions such as cathedral schools and universities. Between 1000 and 1300, western European peoples strengthened their own society. There was an establishment of regional states, an economic growth and social developmentRead MoreEssay on The Fall of the Roman Empire1078 Words à |à 5 PagesFall of the Roman Empire Name: Institution: ââ¬Æ' Fall of the Roman Empire Introduction The Roman Empire faced many problems in the third century. Many of these problems came within the empire and other forces that were outside the empire. The only thing that seemed to aid in the holding of this great empire was drastic economic, political, and military reforms, which looked as essential elements that would prevent the collapse of the empire. Large groups of historians come to terms with the idea thatRead MoreThe Common Themes Of Environmental Effects On Religion1565 Words à |à 7 Pagesorganized language have all proven to be present throughout all stages of history and each all seem to play a major rule in a civilizationââ¬â¢s ability to grow, thrive, expand and even just sustain itself. This common need for expansion, survival and growth present what appear to be historyââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Universal Laws of Humanicsâ⬠. Before looking at the pattern seen in the formation of organized religion as a tool for expansion, it is important to look at the patterns that influence the formation of ancient worldRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Old And New Imperialism1600 Words à |à 7 Pagesare two types of imperialism happened in different time periods which are the old and new imperialism. The old imperialism occurred between the sixteenth and the eighteenth century. It was the time when the European powers started to expand their empires through conquest and trade with other countries. After the American Revolution, it prompted the ideas of new imperialism, which focused more on Asia and Africa. The European countries wanted to expand more in order to gain more power, search for newRead MoreMiddle Ages as the Age of Faith Essay893 Words à |à 4 Pages The Middle Ages is often referred to as the Age of Faith and it is correct to do so, as during this period religion dominated all aspects of life from architecture, literature, art and music. The dominant religion during this period was Christianity. The middle ages saw the emergence #8230; of Christian literary forms#8230; a popular religious culture centred around processions, icons, and relics (George Holmes 42). The crusades were wars fought in the name of God or holy wars. The
Friday, December 20, 2019
Parkinsons Disease and Body Weight - 952 Words
Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease: Relationship with Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease and Body Weight Ethics are the key to the safe and reliable supply of services within an industry. Modern medicine has several ethical standards in place. The College of Nurses (CNO) states that considering ethical issues is essential to providing care. The ethical framework is in place to guide nurses in the changing times of new technology and to help prevent and work through ethical conflicts (College of Nurses, 2009, p. 3). A registered practical nurse has been documenting her patient Mr. Gurtââ¬â¢s weight inaccurately. Patient care is a very important element that must be handled with respect and great care. With regards to Mr. Gurtââ¬â¢s case presented, there has been an ethicalâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Gurt is already thin and weak; therefore his bones are as well and he is at a higher risk for breaking bones or falling because he will have reduced strength. With weakened bones, he is at risk for osteoporosis, joint pain and inflammation, arthritis, a weakened immune system, and tr ouble regulating body temperature which can lead to very preventable complications. Mr. Gurtââ¬â¢s skin is breaking down partly due to environmental factors but mostly due to lack of care. If the health care staff repositions Mr. Gurt every two to four hours, the rick of ulcers will decrease, allowing for optimal skin integrity achievement. The registered practical nurse can be charged with negligence and staff may receive suspension or loss of license to practice or with restrictions. The nurse may have taught other staff members especially anyone who was new the improper way to complete a task and documentation. Ultimately, the hospital could become subject to legal questioning due to the absence of ethical practices. This can prove to be very problematic as it holds the potential to result in a legal lawsuit due to the inaccuracy of patient information maintenance. This can cause further implications on the evolution of the hospital as it will be forced to deal with expenses regarding legal issues that could have been easily avoided. The hospitals standards will be viewed as incomplete and or not enforced because the nurse has not been confronted about her actions. The hospitalsShow MoreRelatedParkinson s Disease Affects The Brain877 Words à |à 4 Pagesdisorder, Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease affects the neurons in th e human brain. This disease affects everyone differently. However, there are common symptoms that all patients with Parkinsonââ¬â¢s experience. At this time, there is no cure for the disease, but there are several ways to improve the quality of life. Although research is never complete, there is a lot of information on Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease that individuals should know. Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease affects the brain of the individual. The disease affects theRead MoreMichael J. Fox And Parkinson s Disease Essay1288 Words à |à 6 Pages Milestone one: Michael J. Fox and Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease Michael J. Fox was born on June 9th 1961 in Edmonton, the capital of the Canadian providence, Alberta. Fox moved many times throughout his childhood due his father, William Fox, being in the military. Eventually Foxââ¬â¢s family ended up in Burnaby, British Columbia, where they established a permanent residence. (Michael J. Fox Foundation) At the young age of 15, Fox made his debut on television starring on CBC in a show known as ââ¬Å"Leo andRead MoreParkinson s Disease : A Disease1196 Words à |à 5 PagesParkinsonââ¬â¢s disease Chase J Fowler Missouri Southern State University ââ¬Æ' What is Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease (PD)? Parkinsonââ¬â¢s is a disease that causes the nervous system to degenerate which means that personââ¬â¢s health is declining mentally, physically, and morally. Parkinsonââ¬â¢s causes a loss in balance, which is the cause for most of the falls. These falls lead to the most injuries a Parkinsonââ¬â¢s patient has; whether it be fractures or concussions. It causes a loss in muscle movement and muscle control. PatientsRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Parkinson s Disease1309 Words à |à 6 Pagesaffected by Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease. Parkinsonââ¬â¢s is a chronic disorder with onset of symptoms occurring at a mean age of 60 years. The prevalence of Parkinsonââ¬â¢s increases with age and may affect up to 5% of individuals over 79 years old. (Tosin, Campos, Andrade, Oliveira, Santana, 2015). Those affected by the disease, experience impairments in movement, balance, and have difficulty performing everyday life tasks. Due to posture d eficits and gait dysfunction, patients with Parkinsonââ¬â¢s have an increasedRead MoreFetal Tissue Research On The Rebound1545 Words à |à 7 Pagesstudies. The National Commissions for the Protection of Human Subject began uproar of legal bans on surgical trails across the United States. One ban stopped research in the field of Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease. Researchers were in the progress of implanting fetal tissue into patients to find a cure for Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease. However, the National Commission of Human Subjects stopped this research in 1988. The chef of developmental biology, genetics, and teratology at the National Institute for Child HealthRead MoreEssay on Ethics in Nursing1587 Words à |à 7 Pages2013). In the situation regarding Mr. Gurt who suffers from Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease, it is vital for the nurse to weigh him at the beginning of each month. This is her obligation under her employing institutionââ¬â¢s standards of care, as well under the autonomy of her practise in which any deviation from this could result in exposure to liability (Austin 2006, p. 62). In order for the nurse to properly care for Mr. Gurt, assessing his accurate weight is essential in providing a care plan that will focus onRead MoreSymptoms Of Parkinson s Disease1168 Words à |à 5 PagesSome people may know what Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease is but not what it is capable of. Many may not even be aware that Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease exists. Michele Tagliati, Gary N. Guten, and Jo Horne explain that ââ¬Å"Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease is a disease in a group of conditions called movement disorders -- disorders that result from a loss of the brainââ¬â¢s control on voluntary movementâ⬠(10). Wit h this being said, a neurotransmitter in the brain called Dopamine sends signals to regions in the brain that are the controlRead MoreParkinson s Disease ( Cns ) And The Peripheral Nervous System999 Words à |à 4 PagesParkinsonââ¬â¢s disease ââ¬Å"is described as a common disorder of the brain caused by a progressive deterioration of the areas that produce the neurotransmitter dopamineâ⬠(Fischer, 1999). It affects the nervous system, more specifically it affects the nerve cells in your brain that secrete dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical that is responsible for the movement and coordination of the musculoskeletal system. The nervous system is composed of two separate systems: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheralRead MoreParkinson Disease Essay1209 Words à |à 5 PagesParkinson disease (PD), also referred to as Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease and paralysis agitans, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the third most common neurologic disorder of older adults. It is a debilitating disease affecting motor ability and is characterized by four cardinal symptoms: tremor rigidity, bradykinesia or kinesis (slow movement/no movement), and postural instability. Most people have primary, or idiopathic, disease. A few patients have secondary parkinsonian symptoms fromRead MoreThe Science Fiction Movie, Hancock1613 Words à |à 7 Pagesability disappears sometime around the age of 12â⬠(Graber). The ability is possible because the bodyââ¬â¢s improved blood flow can help speed up the bodyââ¬â¢s natural healing process (ââ¬Å"Improving Bloodâ⬠). For example, when an injur y takes place anywhere in the body, the blood vessels at the site of the injury contract and slow the bleeding. Next, the blood platelets come into contact with the air and begin forming a blood clot where the injury is located. White blood cells then gather at the spot and destroy
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Discovering Psychology free essay sample
This course overviews the foundations of psychology as the field applies to everyday life. The physical and mental aspects of psychology are traced through lifespan development with emphasis on psychological health and wellness. Further study focuses on personality; thinking, learning and memory; motivation and emotions; and gender and sexuality. Based in various historical traditions, the course is set in the context of contemporary psychological principles. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Hockenbury D. H. Hockenbury S. E. (2014) Discovering psychology (6th ed. ). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: A Brief History of Psychology The Brain and Mind Details Due Points Objectives 1. 1 Describe the major perspectives in the field of psychology. 1. 2 Identify research methods used by psychologists. 1. 3 Identify major ethical issues in the field of psychology research. 1. 4 Identify major structures and functions of the brain. Readings Read Ch. 1 of Discovering Psychology. Readings Read Ch. 2 of Discovering Psychology. Participation Participate in class discussion. 8 Substantial post per week, Weeks run Tuesday-Monday 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. You will have Two discussion question per week, First must be completed by Thursdays, the second by Saturday 2 Activities and Preparation Watch The Field of Psychology ââ¬â Interactive Tutorial located at the following link: http://media. pearsoncmg. com/pcp/pcp_94123_psych_axia/lesson_01/select. htm Learning Team Instructions Resource: Learning Team Toolkit Complete the Learning Team Charter. End of Week 1 Monday Individual Introduction to Psychology Worksheet Complete the Introduction to Psychology Worksheet located on the student web page. End of week 1 (Monday) 10 Week Two: Learning and Memory Details Due Points Objectives 2 2. 1 Compare classical and operant conditioning. 2. 2 Interpret a learning experience through the lens of observational learning. 2. 3 Describe sensory, short-term, and long-term memory in relationship to each other. Readings Read Ch. 5 of Discovering Psychology. Readings Read Ch. 6 of Discovering Psychology. Participation Participate in class discussion. 8 Substantial post per week, Weeks run Tuesday-Monday 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. You will have Two discussion question per week, First must be completed by Thursdays, the second by Saturday 2 Activities and Preparation Watch the Learning with Change and Experience and Memory ââ¬â Interactive Tutorial located at the following link: http://media. pearsoncmg. com/pcp/pcp_94123_psych_axia/lesson_04/select. htm Individual Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper describing a single, informal learning experience that someone could have. You may describe, for example, how someone could become afraid of heights, why a particular food or smell moves him/her emotionally, or why he/she dislikes elevators. The experience must be concrete and can be a singular experience or an experience that occurs over a longer period. Describe the experience by applying learning theories to the steps involved in the learning experience. You are going to look at the experience from different learning perspectives-classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Be sure to include the following in your paper: Describe how what was learned could have occurred through classical conditioning. Identify the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. Explain how what was learned could have occurred through operant conditioning. Describe the behavior, consequence, and reinforcement. Indicate the schedule of reinforcement, if applicable. Address how the learned experience could have occurred through observational learning. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Due end of week 2 (Monday) 10 Learning Team Memory Discussion Submit a 300- to 500-word summary of the discussion of the following: Explain the three stages of memory. How might understanding how our memory works help us learn? End of week two (Monday) 2 Week Three: Thinking and Intelligence Motivation and Emotions Details Due Points Objectives à Summarize theories of intelligence. 3. 2 Compare different approaches to motivation. 3. 3 Classify the range of emotions and related theories. 3. 4 Explore the connection between psychological needs and motivation. Readings Read Ch. 7 of Discovering Psychology. Readings Read Ch. 8 of Discovering Psychology. Participation Participate in class discussion. 8 Substantial post per week, Weeks run Tuesday-Monday 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. You will have Two discussion question per week, First must be completed by Thursdays, the second by Saturday 2 Activities and Preparation Watch the Motivation and Emotion ââ¬â Interactive Tutorial located at the following link: http://media. pearsoncmg. com/pcp/pcp_94123_psych_axia/lesson_07/select. htm Individual Psychological Needs Paper Write a 500- to 700-word paper about psychological needs as represented in Maslowââ¬â¢s hierarchy. Include the following: Explain Maslowââ¬â¢s hierarchy of needs. Does this hierarchy make sense to you? Explain your answer. How does Maslowââ¬â¢s hierarchy relate to motivation? Which need to you find most challenging? Why is this need challenging? Why? Format your paper according to APA standards. End of Week 3 (Monday) 8 Learning Team Motivation and Emotion Worksheet Complete the Motivation, Emotions, and Intelligence Worksheet located on the student web page. End of Week 3 (Monday) 8 Week Four: Lifespan Development Personality Details Due Points Objectives 4 4. 1 Outline physical, social, and cognitive development from childhood to late adulthood. 4. 2 Compare theories of personality development. 4. 3 Explain ways personality can be assessed. Readings Read Ch. 9 of Discovering Psychology. Readings Read Ch. 10 of Discovering Psychology. Participation Participate in class discussion. 8 Substantial post per week, Weeks run Tuesday-Monday 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. You will have Two discussion question per week, First must be completed by Thursdays, the second by Saturday 2 Activities and Preparation Watch the Childrens Social Status tutorial located at the following link: http://media. pearsoncmg. com/pcp/pcp_94178_psych_axia/sim_social_status/index. html Individual Personality Paper Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper about personality. Include the following: Describe four perspectives of personality. Compare three theories of personality development. How is personality assessed? What are the benefits of these assessments? What issues need to be considered with some personality assessments? Format your paper according to APA standards. End of Week 4 (Monday) 10 Learning Team Development Matrix Complete the Development Matrix located on your student web page. End of Week 4 (Monday) 10 Week Five: Psychological Disorders Psychological Health Details Due Points Objectives 5 5. 1 Describe perspectives on normal versus abnormal behavior. 5. 2 Identify the major classifications of psychological disorders. Explain treatment approaches for psychological disorders. 5. 4 Describe how people cope with stress. 5. 5 Describe the physical, emotional, and cognitive effects of stress. Readings Read Ch. 12 of Discovering Psychology. Readings Read Ch. 13 of Discovering Psychology. Readings Read Ch. 14 of Discovering Psychology. Participation Participate in class discussion. 8 Substantial post per week, Weeks run Tuesday-Monday 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. You will have Two discussion question per week, First must be completed by Thursdays, the second by Saturday 2 Individual Psychotherapy Matrix Complete the Psychotherapy Matrix. End of Week 5 (Monday) 12 Learning Team Coping with Stress Presentation Develop a presentation on strategies to cope with stress and promote wellness. The presentation can be an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft PowerPoint, pamphlet, or brochure. Online students are to also provide detailed speaker notes. Describe physical, emotional, and cognitive effects that stress can have on an individual. Explain two to three effective strategies that can reduce stress. Describe how the strategies can reduce the negative effects of stress on physical, emotional, and cognitive. End of Week 5 (Monday) 10 Copyright University of Phoenixà ® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoftà ®, Windowsà ®, and Windows NTà ® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenixà ® editorial standards and practices.
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Barbie 2 Essay Example For Students
Barbie 2 Essay Barbie has recently had her 40th birthday. It all started in the 1950s when Ruth Handler saw her daughter, Barbara, and her friends playing with paper dolls. They liked to imagin the dolls beeing different persons who were working, swiming, playing with friends etc. Ruth, who owned the company Mattel with her husband, understood that pretending how the future would be was part of growing up for kids. She did some research and found that there was room on the market for a doll like Barbie. Mattel had been making lots of toys before Barbie but when Ruth said that she wanted them to make a small doll for kids all the men in the staff had their doubts. Many different designs were done before the first Barbie was introduced on the 9th of march 1959. Barbie was named after Ruths daughter. Barbie was then a teen-age fashion model who was very different to the dolls the kids played with at that time. The buyers were at first skeptical to the doll but when Mattel started to make tv-commercial s to reach out to the buyers it was an instant hit. Barbie is still the most popular fashion doll ever created. That is because she is always changing when the fashion and trends change. She wears everything from the Paris fashion to the more youthful look. For example the creaters changed her when the Beatles were popular and they made a copy of Jackie Kennedy when she was popular. In the 1970s Barbie wore very different clothes just to be trendy. She for example wore glittery disco outfits and got a suntan. Her face was redone. She now got an open-mouth smile. In the 1980s Barbie kept changing. This year she was everything from an aerobics instructor to a sophisticated working women. And now in the 1990s Barbie has had 75 careers since 1959. Barbie has given lots of kids better self-esteem by showing them that you can be what you want. Barbie has been a surgeon, a president candidate, an aeroplane pilot and a dentist etc. The kids nearly have her as a rolemodel. They think if she can do it, so can they! Barbie is actually many kids best friend. Barbie was later given family and friends. Her boyfriend was Ken who was named after Ruths son. She also had a little sister whose name was Skipper and her friends were from all over the world. Her group of friends keep growing. Barbie isnt only liked by kids. There are today thousands of adult collectors. They dont always play with them. They just collect them. But it isnt only women who collect, men do too. There are clubs, magazines etc for adults who love Barbie. Now that everything has a lot to do with the new technology, such as computers, Barbie is going high tech too. There are programs and discs to buy to the computer where Barbie is the main character. It is also a way to guide the kids in the high tech world that they live in. So Barbie isnt just anyone she is the most famous doll of all times. Here is some useless information about Barbie:Barbies full name is Barbie Millicent Roberts. She is from Willows in Wisconsin and went to Willows High School. Right now about 120 new dresses and clothes are designed every year and more than 105 million yards of fabric has been used to create them. After stamp collecting Barbie collecting is the most popular hobby in America. The best selling Barbie was the totally hair Barbie which I have here. Barbie has more than one billion pairs of shoes and she has totally had 500 makeovers. Barbie is now sold in more than 140 countries around the world.
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